Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney cancer leading to 140,000 deaths per year. Among all RCCs 80% evolve from the epithelial proximal tubular cells within the kidney. There is a high tendency of developing chemoresistance and resistance to radiation therapy in most RCC patients. Therefore, kidney resection is considered as the most effective treatments for patients having localized RCC. There is a high tendency of post-operative recurrence among 20–40% of the patients and this recurrence is not curable. It is also clear that modern medicine has no curative treatment options against metastatic RCC. Lupeol [lup-20(29)-en-3β-ol] is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound naturally found in various edible fruits and in many traditionally used medicinal plants, and has been demonstrated as effective against highly metastatic melanoma and prostate cancers. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of lupeol to RCC with molecular details. Treatment with lupeol on SK-RC-45 (a RCC cell line) with the LC
50
dose of 40μM (for 48 h) induces mitochondrial hyper fission which eventually leads to apoptosis while SK-RC-45 counteracts by enhancing autophagy-mediated selective removal of fragmented mitochondria. This is the first study which concurrently reports the effects of lupeol on RCC and its effect on the mitochondrial dynamics of a cell. Herein, we conclude that lupeol has potential to be an effective agent against RCC with the modulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
Development of an ultrasound-promoted green protocol to access pharmaceutically relevant functionalized coumarin-uracil molecular hybrids, 6-amino-5-((4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)(aryl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones (4/ 4′), has been accomplished based on a three-component tandem reaction between 4-hydroxycoumarin (1), substituted aromatic aldehydes (2), and 6-aminouracils (3)/6-amino-2-thiouracil (3′) under sulfamic acid-catalysis in aqueous ethanol. Metal-free onepot synthesis, rapid reaction-rate with good to excellent yields, use of cost-effective and eco-friendly catalyst and solvent, energy efficiency, easy isolation of products without the need of column chromatographic purification, reusability of reaction media, largescale synthetic applicability, and excellent green credential parameters of the process are the salient features of this newly developed method.
A photochemical method for the synthesis
of functionalized dihydrofuro[3,2-c]chromenones via
intramolecular Csp3
–H cross-dehydrogenative oxygenation within
a warfarin framework has been unearthed. Advantages of this protocol
include abundant sunlight or low-energy visible light as the energy
source, mild reaction conditions, and avoidance of metal catalysts.
Potassium alum (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O), commonly known as ‘alum’, has recently drawn the
attention of synthetic chemists as an efficient, safe and eco-friendly acid catalyst in implementing a
large number of organic transformations, thereby generating interesting molecular frameworks. The
present review article offers an overview of the potent catalytic applications of this commercially
available and low-cost inorganic sulfate salt in organic reactions reported during the period of 2014 to
2018.
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