Early warning based on the data in the previous months could assist in improving vector control, community intervention, and personal protection.

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Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens in Thailand inhabit shallow water amongst dense emergent vegetation near the margin of rice paddy fields. Nesting water was low in dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity but high in free carbon dioxide and temperature. This fish aggregated with a mean population density of 1·7 fish m 2 and an equal adult sex ratio. Males were heavier, longer and wider than females. The size of their bubble nest is in proportion to their weight and length. 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

Larger males of the wild Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens were more successful in male contests. There were no differences in fighting duration among treatments. Comparing agonistic behaviour between large and small males in 1 and 2 .. treatments, larger males attacked, chased and performed total agonistic behaviour more than smaller males. There were no differences between larger and smaller males concerning other agonistic behaviour during fighting. Females presented with two potential mates of different sizes did not prefer larger males. 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

the respondents had poor knowledge about cholera-related issues like definition, causes, prevention and management while 97% had positive attitude towards prevention of cholera and cholera vaccine. One third of the respondents did not have good practice for prevention of cholera. Lack of adequate supply of water and gas to boil water, unconsciousness, high density of population and living places surrounded by drainage water were identified as reasons for not having good practice.This study shows significant association between respondents' knowledge and sex, education, occupation, monthly household expenditure, attitude and practice (p<0.05). In the adjusted model, female were 74% less likely to have poor knowledge than male (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.74; 95% CI: 0.62-0.87). Compared to respondent's high monthly household expenditure (>128US$), the significant odds (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.09-1.58) was found with the respondents who had monthly lowest household expenditure (< = 93US$) that they were more likely to have poor knowledge.Conclusion: This study recommended to strengthen health education activities to improve knowledge of low socio-economic group of people on cholera and cholera vaccine and emphasized the importance of mass cholera vaccination to prevent and control cholera.

Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens in Thailand inhabit shallow water amongst dense emergent vegetation near the margin of rice paddy fields. Nesting water was low in dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity but high in free carbon dioxide and temperature. This fish aggregated with a mean population density of 1·7 fish m 2 and an equal adult sex ratio. Males were heavier, longer and wider than females. The size of their bubble nest is in proportion to their weight and length. 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

We investigated the amount of time that large and small, male and female fiddler crabs Uca annulipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) spent on feeding, walking, standing, grooming, burrowing, inside burrows, fighting, and courtship waving. We video-recorded the activities of 45 males (22 small and 23 large), and 39 females (19 small and 20 large) each for 5 min, and calculated the percentage of time spent on each activity/crab. Our results showed that both sexes spent more time on feeding than on other activities. Males spent more time on building burrows, walking, and grooming than females, and females spent more time inside burrows than males. Smaller males spent more time on feeding, and less time on building burrows and on waving than larger ones. There were no relations between female body size and activities. Feeding rate/feeding claw was higher in males than in females, and crab body size was negatively associated with feeding rate/min. RÉSUMÉNous avons étudié le temps que passent les mâles et les femelles du crabe violoniste Uca annulipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) pour l'alimentation, la marche, le repos, la toilette, le creusement du terrier, le temps passé à l'intérieur du terrier, les combats et la parade. Nous avons enregistré en vidéo les activités de 45 mâles (22 petits and 23 grands), et 39 femelles (19 petites et 20 grandes) chacun pendant 5 min, et nous avons calculé le pourcentage de temps passé à chaque activité/crabe. Nos résultats ont montré que les deux sexes passent plus de temps pour se nourrir que pour toutes les autres activités. Les mâles passent plus de temps à bâtir des terriers, marcher et faire leur toilette que les femelles, et les femelles passent plus de temps à l'intérieur des terriers que les mâles. Les mâles plus petits passent plus de temps à s'alimenter et moins de temps à construire des terriers et à la parade nuptiale que les mâles plus grands. Il n'y a pas de relation entre la taille du corps de la femelle et ses activités. Le rapport taux d'alimentation/longueur de la pince servant à la prise de nourriture était plus élevé chez les mâles que chez les femelles, et la taille du corps du crabe était associé négativement au rapport taux d'alimentation/min.

Population genetics has been recognized as a key component of policy development for fisheries and conservation management and aquaculture development. This study aims to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of native cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea, establishing the existing population distributions and contributing information to aid in the development of policy, prior to extensive aquaculture development. Microsatellite analysis of natural cobia populations in these two ocean basins shows similar levels of gene diversity at 0.844 and 0.837, respectively. All populations and almost all microsatellite loci studied show significant heterozygote deficiency. Genetic differentiation between local populations is low and mostly not significant (R ST = -0.0109 to 0.0066). The population shows no marked structure over the long geographic barrier of the Thai-Malay peninsula, either when analyzed using pairwise genetic differences or evaluated without predefined populations using STRUCTURE. Additionally, a Mantel test shows no evidence of isolation by distance between the population samples. The significant heterozygote deficiency at most of the loci studied could be explained by the possibility of null alleles. Alternatively, given the behavior of forming small spawning aggregations, seasonal migration, and hitchhiking on large marine animals, the population genetics could be complex. The population of cobia at each location in Thai waters may be inbred, as a result of breeding between relatives, which would reduce heterozygosity relative to Hardy-Weinberg frequencies, while some of these populations could be making long distance migrations followed by admixture between resident and transient groups. This migration would cause population homogeneity in allele frequencies on a larger geographic scale. The results suggest that 123Aquacult Int (2013( ) 21:197-217 DOI 10.1007 fisheries management for this species should be considered at both national and international levels, and until the possibility of local adaptation is fully investigated, policy development should apply the precautionary principle to ensure the preservation of genetic diversity and the sustainability of local and regional fisheries.