The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of polyembryonic seedlings and other morphological parameters in Khasi mandarin during three harvest years and to identify zygotic (sexual) seedlings from nucellar (asexual) ones grown under invitro conditions using molecular markers. Embryos from 27 polyembryonic and 7 monoembryonic seeds of Khasi mandarin were grown in-vitro. DNA from seedlings and mother parent was analyzed using 16 ISSR and 5 RAPD primers, of which 4 ISSR and a set of 3 RAPD primers were effective to identify zygotic or nucellar origin of the seedlings. In-vitro culture enables maximum embryos of each seed to grow, favouring the origin of seedlings to be identified as zygotic. Among 69 tested individuals, 37 zygotic and 32 nucellar seedlings were recognized. In polyembryonic and monoembryonic seeds, 59.6% and 42.8% of the seedlings, respectively, have the sexual origin. Morphological characteristics of seeds and the seedlings generated varied significantly and were not correlated with polyembryony except for the clutch size and the number of branches. Polyembryonic seeds in the cultivar are high, ranging from 50.0%, 55.5% to 83.3% over three harvest years with more clutch size and the possibility of obtaining zygotic plants from them is high. In polyembryonic seeds not all zygotic seedlings were produced by small embryos located at the micropyle. Identification of zygotic seedlings by ISSR and RAPD markers in Khasi mandarin cultivar is efficient and reliable at an early developmental stage.
Women with PCOS are linked to insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D
(VD) deficiency. The study endeavors to comprehend the differential impact
of insulin sensitizers vs. anti-androgen on serum leptin levels among women
with PCOS rendered vitamin D replete with high VD oral supplement. This was
open-labeled randomized study that screened 180 eligible women presenting to
Endocrine clinic with oligomenorrhea or features of hyperandrogenism.
Ninety-nine women who furnished written informed consent and fulfilled the
Rotterdam 2003 criteria for diagnosis of PCOS were randomized into 3 drug
treatment arms to receive either spironolactone (50 mg/d;
n=30), metformin (1000 mg/d; n=30) or
pioglitazone (30 mg/d; n=30). These women were also
administered oral VD (4000 IU/day) in addition to the allocated drug
for a period of 6 months. Detailed history, clinical examination, and
laboratory evaluation was carried out at baseline and 6 months after
intervention. Number of menstrual cycles/year increased while as
Ferriman–Gallwey score, blood glucose, HOMA-IR, and plasma insulin
levels significantly decreased in all the three arms with better outcomes in
spironolactone and pioglitazone arms (p<0.05). Similarly, serum
leptin levels superiorly improved in spironolactone and pioglitazone group.
Pioglitazone group showed better efficacy in lowering serum total
testosterone (p<0.05). Co-supplementation of high dosage VD with
spironolactone or pioglitazone are more effective in reducing plasma leptin
levels than metformin, and thus might prove to be better therapeutic
strategies for women with PCOS.
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