Ethylene is involved in the regulation of the natural process of fruit pulp development and postharvest storage. The present study was carried out to determine the expression of eight genes encoding ethylene biosynthesis and signaling during development in Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruit pulp as well as during postharvest storage in the fruit pulp (at 4 °C and 20 °C). Gibberellic acid (GA 3) is known to improve internal fruit quality and to mediate various stress responses during postharvest fruit storage in species like citrus. The effect of GA 3 during postharvest storage was also investigated to understand the regulation of the ethylene genes on its own biosynthesis and signaling. The results suggest that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase-2 (ACS2), ethylene response sensor-1 (ERS1), constitutive triple response-1 (CTR1), and ethylene insensitive 3-like-1(EIL1) have a physiological role in the ripening of Khasi mandarin fruit pulp. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase-1 (ACS1), ethylene response-1 (ETR1), and ethylene insensitive-2 (EIN2) were found to be developmentally regulated in immature fruit pulp, suggesting their role in rapid growth of the fruit pulp. Postharvest storage at 4 °C and 20 °C influenced the expression of different ethylene-related genes during ripening in Khasi mandarin fruit pulp. Cold storage (4 °C) markedly triggered the transcription of ethylene biosynthetic genes, especially ACS1 and ACS2 in the fruit pulp. Exogenous application of GA 3 enhanced cold tolerance especially at the transcript level of ACS1, ACS2, ETR1, and ERS1 genes in the pulp of Khasi mandarin fruit during cold storage when harvested at the full maturity stage.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of polyembryonic seedlings and other morphological parameters in Khasi mandarin during three harvest years and to identify zygotic (sexual) seedlings from nucellar (asexual) ones grown under invitro conditions using molecular markers. Embryos from 27 polyembryonic and 7 monoembryonic seeds of Khasi mandarin were grown in-vitro. DNA from seedlings and mother parent was analyzed using 16 ISSR and 5 RAPD primers, of which 4 ISSR and a set of 3 RAPD primers were effective to identify zygotic or nucellar origin of the seedlings. In-vitro culture enables maximum embryos of each seed to grow, favouring the origin of seedlings to be identified as zygotic. Among 69 tested individuals, 37 zygotic and 32 nucellar seedlings were recognized. In polyembryonic and monoembryonic seeds, 59.6% and 42.8% of the seedlings, respectively, have the sexual origin. Morphological characteristics of seeds and the seedlings generated varied significantly and were not correlated with polyembryony except for the clutch size and the number of branches. Polyembryonic seeds in the cultivar are high, ranging from 50.0%, 55.5% to 83.3% over three harvest years with more clutch size and the possibility of obtaining zygotic plants from them is high. In polyembryonic seeds not all zygotic seedlings were produced by small embryos located at the micropyle. Identification of zygotic seedlings by ISSR and RAPD markers in Khasi mandarin cultivar is efficient and reliable at an early developmental stage.
Background:
Since the inception, people are using herbal extracts as natural remedies for treatment of various diseases. Bryophyllum pinnatum, also known as the air plant, is well recognized herb used in folk medicine. It is native to Madagascar and further planted in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. It is known for the profusion of miniature plantlets which arises from the margins of phylloclade.
Objective:
The aim of this review is to provide the till date information regarding local and traditional uses, pharmacological activities and different phytochemicals reported from leaves extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum.
Methods:
This review article contains a detailed survey of literature about Bryophyllum pinnatum available in different online databases such as; PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google Scholar etc. upto 30 September 2018. In this review authors have focused on ethnopharmacological importance and phytochemicals present in Bryophyllum pinnatum and their structure. Structures of the phytochemical were prepared by ChemDraw tool.
Results:
This plant is used as traditional herbal medicine in around the globe due to medicinal properties like; anthelmintic, immunosuppressive, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, nephroprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, anticonvulsant and antipyretic. Phytochemical analysis of revealed the presence of many bioactive compounds like; alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids, glycosides, bufadienolides, lipids and organic acids etc. which are associated with different medicinal properties.
Conclusion:
Brophyllum pinnatum possess diversity of pharmacological importance and remarkable medicinal properties. Investigators have reported large number of phytochemicals exhibiting different medicinal properties of this herb but still correlation of medicinal properties.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.