The natural surface water, especially available through rivers, is the main source of healthy water for the living beings throughout the world from ancient days as it consists of all essential minerals. With the advent of industrialization, gradually even the most prominent rivers have been polluted in all parts of the world. Although there are lots of technologies, nanofiltration (NF) has been chosen to transform river water into healthy water due to its unique advantages of retaining optimum TDS (with essential minerals required for human body), consuming of lower energy, and no usage of any chemicals. The prominent parameters of surface water and macro/microminerals of treated water have been analyzed. It is shown that NF is better in producing healthy water with high flux by consuming low energy.
Cotton fibres were dyed using various natural dyes alone and in combination to yield six basic shades: blue, yellow, red, black, green and fawn. These dyed fibres were then blended in various proportions along with undyed cotton fibres and spun on a rotor-spinning machine to produce 204 coloured yarns. The fastness properties of the six basic shades were determined. The L*a*b* and L*C*h values of the yarns having 50% dyed fibre and 50% undyed cotton fibre was also determined. The values were plotted to obtain the colour gamut of natural dyes on cotton yarns.
Experimental MaterialsPrescoured J-34 cotton fibre was used without any further treatment. The natural dye powders used for the study were obtained from Alps Industries Limited and were used without any further purification. The dyes used were Rhine M (a red dye extracted from the secretion of insect Kerria lacca), Nile (based on natural indigo, from Indigofera tinctoria) and four tannin-based colours: Kango (from Terminalia chebula), Amber M (from Quercus infectoria), Pacific (from Punica granatum) and Thar (from Acacia Catechu).The reactive Procion dyes used were Golden Yellow HE-R, Navy Blue N5RLI, Red HE-7B, Green HE-4BD and Turquoise Blue HE-5G.The light fastness of the yarns was tested on an ATLAS Suntest CPS+ machine having an air-cooled Xenon arc lamp by the AATCC Test Method 16-1993. Wash fastness of the samples was tested according to ISO 2 specifications. Rub fastness of the samples was tested as per the Indian standard based on ISO 105/X:1984. The L*a*b* values and L*C*h values of the samples were measured on the GretagMacbeth Colour-Eye 7000A Spectrophotometer utilising Optiview ProPalette software.
Dyeing proceduresDyeings were carried out on the cotton fibres in a H-Krantz-Aachen Maschinen 3 kg sample dyeing machine. The liquor to goods ratio was kept at 20:1. The dyeing procedure (including pretreatments) varied in accordance with the dye used and the colour required.
Dyeing to obtain a blue shadeThe fibres were first pretreated with 1% Amber M and 1% Kango and 0.08% ferrous sulphate for 1 h at 90 °C. A 3% shade of Nile was then dyed on the pretreated fibres. 226
A low level of IgA may be associated with a high risk of developing dental caries. This association may possibly be useful in predicting the future caries status. Accordingly, suitable caries-preventive measures can be selected and employed.
Air pollution is one of the major global hazards and industries have been one of its major contributors. This paper primarily focuses on analyzing the dispersion characteristics of buoyant plumes of the pollutant released from a multi-flue vertical stack into a variable temperature gradient atmosphere (α) in a constant-velocity cross wind using two stack configurations-inline and parallel. The study is conducted for different Froude numbers, Fr = 12.64, 9.55, and 8.27. The atmospheric temperature gradients considered for the study are 0, +1, +1.5, and +2 K/100 m. The numerical study is done using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT. The effects of stack configuration, α, and Fr on the plume characteristics are presented. It is observed that the plume rises higher and disperses over a larger area with the inline configuration due to better mixing and shielding effect. With higher α, it is seen that the plume rises initially and then descends due to variation of the buoyant force. The plume rise initially is strongly influenced by the momentum of the jet, and as it moves downstream, it is influenced by the cooling rate of the plume. Furthermore, the plume rises higher and disperses over a larger area with a decrease in Fr.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.