Nanofiltration in Transforming Surface Water into Healthy Water: Comparison with Reverse Osmosis

Naidu, L. D.; Saravanan, S.; Chidambaram, M.; Goel, Mukesh; Das, Ashutosh; Babu, J. Sarat Chandra

doi:10.1155/2015/326869

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…The unexpected increase in the concentration of iron in the anolyte can be explained by a decrease in the pH of the medium, which Reactions (14), (15) are essentially analytical reactions (11) and (12). The formation of Fe(OH) Cl 2 and FeOCl is also possible after reactions 7 and 8.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different methods are used depending on the concentration of salts in the water. For the waters with salinity from 1000 mg/dm 3 to 20-30 thousand mg/dm 3 , ion exchange [Gomelya et al, 2016;Makarenko et al, 2013], membrane methods, including baromembrane processes [Naidu et al, 2015;Epsztein et al, 2015] and electrodialysis [Gomelya et al, 2018;Gomelya et al, 2019] are used. Freezing of water is less common [Htira et al, 2018].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Sodium Chloride Solutions to Obtain Ferrous Chlorides

Shabliy¹,

Gomelya²,

Kryzhanovska³

et al. 2020

J. Ecol. Eng.

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In this work, the processes of electrochemical processing of sodium chloride solutions with the production of iron (III) chloride and alkali in a three-chamber electrolyzer with MA-41 anion-exchange membrane and MK-40 cation-exchange membrane were investigated. The conditions for the removal of sodium chloride from water in a three-chamber electrolyzer using an iron anode were determined depending on the anode current density and the reaction of the medium in the anode region. The parameters of the process of concentrating iron chloride in the anode region were established at relatively low concentrations of sodium chloride solution. It was shown that during the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution with a concentration of 370 mg-eq/dm 3 at a current of 0.2 A in a three-chamber electrolyzer with an iron anode, an iron chloride solution is formed in the anolyte at pH <4.9. The rate of concentration of NaOH to catholyte and FeCl 3 to anolyte increased along with the current density. It was found that in order to increase the concentration of iron (III) chloride in the anolyte at relatively low concentrations of sodium chloride solution, it is advisable to gradually renew the demineralized solutions in the working chamber.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Sodium Chloride Solutions to Obtain Ferrous Chlorides

Shabliy¹,

Gomelya²,

Kryzhanovska³

et al. 2020

J. Ecol. Eng.

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“…Thus, lack of minerals in drinking water could not be a significant issue for communities in the study area. Previous studies recommended implementing advanced purification methods such as NF and EDR on the basis of the reported lower rejection rates of essential minerals [20,29,30]. The major drawback of these technologies are expensive and do not perform efficiently for brackish water treatment in Sri Lanka as much as expected [15].…”

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reasons might be improper operation and maintenance practices, degradation of the membrane with age, and membrane fouling effect [9]. At lower operating pressure, RO membrane shows comparatively lower salt rejection while increasing the rejection with the increasing pressure [29]. Table S3 shows the standard The alkalinity of groundwater is controlled by the dissolved inorganic carbon species (HCO 3 − and CO 3 2− ).…”

Section: Salt Rejectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Performance of Existing RO Drinking Water Stations in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka

Indika

Wei

et al. 2021

Membranes

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Reverse osmosis (RO) drinking water stations have been introduced to provide safe drinking water for areas with prevailing chronic kidney disease with unknown (CKDu) etiology in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. In this investigation, RO drinking water stations established by community-based organizations (CBO) in the North Central Province (NCP) were examined. Water samples were collected from source, permeate, and concentrate in each station to determine water quality and performance. Furthermore, the operators of the systems were interviewed to evaluate operational and maintenance practices to identify major issues related to the RO systems. Results show that the majority (>93%) of RO systems had higher salt rejection rates (>92%), while water recovery varied from 19.4% to 64%. The removal efficiencies of hardness and alkalinity were averaged at 95.8% and 86.6%, respectively. Most dominant ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Ba2+, Sr2+ Cl−, F−, and SO42− showed higher rejections at averaged values of 93.5%, 97.4%, 86.6%, 90.8%, 95.4%, 96.3%, 95.7%, 96.6%, and 99.0%, respectively. Low recovery rates, lower fluoride levels in product water, and membrane fouling were the main challenges. Lack of knowledge and training were the major issues that could shorten the lifespan of RO systems.

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“…Reverse osmosis (RO) has also been used for the removal of ECs [167]. Depending upon the nature of ECs, 40-100% rejection of ECs can be achieved by NF and RO processes [168][169][170].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater Streams Using Membrane Bioreactors: A Review

Sengupta

Jebur

Kamaz³

et al. 2021

Membranes

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Water is a very valuable natural resource. As the demand for water increases the presence of emerging contaminants in wastewater has become a growing concern. This is particularly true when one considers direct reuse of wastewater. Obtaining sufficient removal of emerging contaminants will require determining the level of removal for the various unit operations in the wastewater treatment process. Membrane bioreactors are attractive as they combine an activated sludge process with a membrane separation step. They are frequently used in a wastewater treatment process and can operate at higher solid loadings than conventional activated sludge processes. Determining the level of removal of emerging contaminants in the membrane bioreactor step is, therefore, of great interest. Removal of emerging contaminants could be by adsorption onto the biomass or membrane surface, biotransformation, size exclusion by the membrane, or volatilization. Given the fact that most emerging contaminants are low molecule weight non-volatile compounds, the latter two methods of removal are usually unimportant. However, biotransformation and adsorption onto the biomass are important mechanisms of removal. It will be important to determine if the microorganisms present at given treatment facility are able to remove ECs present in the wastewater.

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Nanofiltration in Transforming Surface Water into Healthy Water: Comparison with Reverse Osmosis

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Utilization of Sodium Chloride Solutions to Obtain Ferrous Chlorides

Utilization of Sodium Chloride Solutions to Obtain Ferrous Chlorides

Evaluation of Performance of Existing RO Drinking Water Stations in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka

Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater Streams Using Membrane Bioreactors: A Review

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