Creating a sustainable and effective approach to handling organic contaminants from industrial waste is an ongoing problem. In the present study, ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized under a controlled ultrasound cavitation technique using the extract of Passiflora foetida fruit peels, which act as a reducing (i.e., reduction of metal salt) and stabilizing agent. The formation of monodispersed and hexagonal morphology (average size approximately 58 nm with BET surface area 30.83m2/g). The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by a various technique such as UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). Further, the XRD pattern confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of synthesized ZnONPs. The ZnO NPs exhibit excellent degradation efficiency towards organic pollutant dyes, i.e., Methylene blue (MB) (93.25% removal) and Rhodamine B (91.06% removal) in 70 min, under natural sunlight with apparent rate constant 0.0337 min−1 (R2 = 0.9749) and 0.0347 min−1 (R2 = 0.9026) respectively.Zeta potential study shows the presence of a negative charge on the surface of ZnO NPs. The use of green synthesized ZnO NPs is a good choice for wastewater treatment, given their high reusability and photocatalytic efficiency, along with adaptability to green synthesis.

The present study deals with the synthesis of ZnO and Ag‐ZnO nanoparticles using Excoecaria agallocha leaf extract under a controlled ultrasound cavitation technique. The characterization of the as‐synthesized ZnO and Ag‐ZnO nanoparticles (different molar concentration of Ag) were subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), UV‐Visible Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐Vis DRS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherm (BET), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic performance of ZnO and Ag‐ZnO nanoparticles as catalysts were studied for hazardous organic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine‐B (Rh−B) under solar light irradiation. The degradation study follows pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. The effective degradation of MB was found to be 56.44 % (ZnO nanoparticles) and 98.44 % Ag‐ZnO nanoparticles, respectively at 100 min at the molar ratio (0.25 : 1). Whereas, Rh−B shows 27.50 % (ZnO nanoparticles) and 98.83 % at the same molar ratio of Ag‐ZnO nanoparticles at 80 min. Among the as‐synthesized nanoparticles, Ag‐ZnO at molar ratio 0.25 : 1 shows effective photocatalytic activity. Besides these as‐synthesized nanoparticles exhibited good antimicrobial activity with an increase in Ag nanoparticles decorated into ZnO. A similar trend was observed in antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity.

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Objective:The present study is deals with the green synthesis of silver (AgNPs), iron oxide (α-Fe2O3NPs) and core-shell (Ag-α-Fe2O3CNPs) nanoparticles using the aqueous extract ofAlstonia scholariswithout any catalyst, template or surfactant or any intermediate under ultrasound cavitation technique. The purpose was to facilitate the high level of dispersion with increase in rate of reaction. Further AgNPs and α-Fe2O3NPs were used to synthesis Ag-Fe2O3CNPs in aqueous extract ofAlstonia scholarisunder controlled ultrasound cavitation technique.Methods:The size of AgNPs and Ag-Fe2O3CNPs can be tuned by optimizing various reaction parameters. UV-visible, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy has been used for the characterization of silver and core shell Ag@Fe2O3nanoparticles. TEM images clearly show the formation of core shell nanoparticles with spherical morphology.Result:Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy analysis revealed that carbohydrate, polyphenols, and protein molecules were involved in the synthesis and capping of silver, iron oxide and Ag@Fe2O3CNPs.

The focus of the present research is on the biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE):polylactic acid (PLA) and LDPE:PLA:organo modified montmorillonite (OMMT) polymer nanocomposites. PLA was synthesized using the polycondensation method. The surface modification of nanomaterials is affected by various factors such as modifying agent, dispersion medium, and the dispersion of nanoparticles. Ultrasound cavitation technique improves the better dispersion of MMT in reaction mixture and enhances the interaction rate of a modifying agent with clay layered structure. A mixture of aminopropyltriethoxysilane and octadecyl amine was used for the surface modification of MMT. Polymer nanocomposite was prepared using the melt mixing method and used further for the biodegradation study. The mesophilic bacterium isolated from the dumping yard, identified by the 16rRNA technique, was capable of biodegradation of LDPE:PLA and LDPE:PLA:OMMT polymer nanocomposites. Isolated bacterial AP1 is 96.05% identical to the current MCCC1A02146 strain of Bacillus albus. After 50 days of incubation, the polymer nanocomposite sheet was characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray powder diffractometer, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), etc. Further, LDPE:PLA30% (17.5%) and LDPE:PLA30%:OMMT4.5phr (19.20%), shows maximum percentage degradation. It has been observed that the addition of OMMT contributes to an enhancement in the polymer nanocomposite degradation because it has a large d‐spacing gap that is (21 Å) that enables the water to penetrate in the polymer matrix and increases the growth of bacteria within the polymer matrix. The highest change in biomass and change in extracellular protein content was found to be (39.11 mg/L and OD 0.38) LDPE:PLA30%:OMMT4.5phr composites. In addition, the mechanical properties decrease effectively after the incubation period, for LDPE:PLA 30% and LDPE:PLA30%:OMMT4.5phr.

The present study investigates the effect of SiO2–polystyrene core–shell nanoparticles on properties of styrene–butadiene rubber nanocomposites. Meanwhile, SiO2–polystyrene core–shell nanoparticles were synthesized under controlled ultrasound assisted microemulsion technique. Further, as-synthesized SiO2–polystyrene nanoparticles were subjected to various characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to know its size, shape, and presence of functional groups. The average diameter of SiO2–polystyrene nanoparticles was found to be ∼45 nm. SiO2–polystyrene nanoparticles were reinforced in styrene–butadiene rubber using two-roll mill and molded on compression molding machine, which then subjected to various testings (X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and universal testing machine). Moreover, the crosslinking density was investigated using solvent sorption technique. The properties of styrene–butadiene rubber nanocomposites were found to be improved with increasing amount of SiO2–polystyrene nanoparticles (2.0 wt%) and decreases subsequently (2.5 wt%). This enhancement in properties was due to uniform dispersion of core–shell nanoparticles with embedded chains of rubber. Also this enhancement in properties was due to smooth surface of core–shell nanoparticles (2.0 wt%) and decreases subsequently at higher amount of loading (2.5 wt%). However, the minimal crosslinkage leads to more solvent sorption, which leads to increase in average molecular weight. This decrement in the crosslinkage density with increase in average molecular weight was due to voids or free volume inside the matrix, which allows the solvent to get penetrated inside the matrix. This effect was not due to styrene–butadiene rubber matrix but due to shell of polystyrene over SiO2.

Aim: The world's appetite for plastics is increasing by million tons every year. Alternative raw materials are needed in the polymer industry. Vidarikand is an extensive source of starch, having vast applications. Method: Extraction of starch involves various methods such as grinding, incubation, screening, sedimentation, washing, and drying. The application of starch in polymers shows an incredible future for industries. To find the effect of different starch sources on the synthesis and biodegradation of polymers. The content of starch extracted through vidarikand was found to be 81.51%. The films of starch: PVA blend was prepared using ultrasound cavitation technique followed by solvent casting method. Meanwhile, the biodegradable plastic films were prepared using potato and starch extracted from vidarikand tuber. The casted films were subject to various characterization techniques (TGA, SEM, FTIR, mechanical properties, soil burial, and solubility test). Result: Starch: PVA blends shows two decomposition position one is at 381 with second at 502°C with total weight loss of 79 and 98 %, respectively. PVA film of variable composition (starch from vidarikand) shows properties significantly more (soil burial-36.25%), solubility test-68.75%, elongation at break-34.3%, and tensile strength-6.92MPa) as compared to that of PVA film prepared using starch extracted from potato starch. Conclusion: The significant difference found in the degradation property of starch: PVA films from Vidarikand and potato starch. The prepared film of starch: PVA using starch extracted from vidarikarnd has significant applications in pharmaceuticals and packaging. Conclusion: The significant difference found in the degradation property of starch: PVA films from Vidarikand and potato starch. The prepared film of starch: PVA using starch extracted from vidarikarnd has significant applications in pharmaceuticals and packaging.