BackgroundPrevious studies have determined the neurochemical metabolite abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD). The results of studies are inconsistent. Severity of depression may relate to neurochemical metabolic changes. The aim of this study is to investigate neurochemical metabolite levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of patients with mild/moderate MDD.MethodsTwenty-one patients with mild MDD, 18 patients with moderate MDD, and 16 matched control subjects participated in the study. Patients had had their first episode. They had not taken treatment. The severity of depression was assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and creatine-containing compounds (Cr) were measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at 1.5 T, with an 8-cm3 single voxel placed in the right PFC.ResultsThe moderate MDD patients had lower NAA/Cr levels than the control group. No differences were found in neurochemical metabolite levels between the mild MDD and control groups. No correlation was found between the patients’ neurochemical metabolite levels and HAM-D scores.ConclusionOur findings suggest that NAA/Cr levels are low in moderate-level MDD in the PFC. Neurochemical metabolite levels did not change in mild depressive disorder. Our results suggest that the severity of depression may affect neuronal function and viability. Studies are needed to confirm this finding, including studies on severely depressive patients.
ÖzetAmaç: Yapılan çalışmalar üniversite öğrencileri arasında yüksek oranda alkol ve tütün kullanımı olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak problemli alkol ve tütün kullanıcılarının oranı çoğu araştırmada yeterince ele alınmamıştır. Klinik araştırmalar; geçerliği ve güvenirliği yapılmış tarama testlerinin kullanılmasının problemli kullanıcılığını saptamada daha iyi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinde alkol ve tütün kullanım oranını ve ne kadarının problemli kullanıcı olduğunu saptamaktır. Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışma grubu Pamukkale Üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 371 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır (181 erkek ve 190 kız). Problemli alkol ve tütün kullanıcılarını tespit etmek için CAGE ve Fagerstrom testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin 132'si (%35.6) tütün, 131 (%35.3) ise alkol kullanmaktadır. Sigara içenlerin 48'i (%36.4) Fagerstrom testinden 5 ve üstünde puan, alkol kullananların 34'ü (%26.2) CAGE testinden 2 ve daha yüksek puan almıştır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin 12'si Fagerstrom testinden 5 ve üzeri ve CAGE testinden 2 ve üzeri puan almıştır. Sonuç: Alkol ve tütün kullanımı; kullanımı azaltıcı tüm çabalara karşın üniversite öğrencileri arasında hala önemli bir sorundur. Sigara içenlerin 1/3'ü, alkol kullananların ise 1/4'ü problemli alkol ve tütün kullanımı açısından risk altındadır. Üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik önleyici ve tedavi edici faaliyetlerin arttırılması bu kişilerde bağımlık gelişmesini azaltmada yardımcı olabilir. Tıp Derg 2015;8(2):82-87 Anahtar sözcükler: Alkol, Tütün, Üniversite, CAGE, Fagerstrom. Pam AbstractPurpose:Previous studies showed high percentage of alcohol and tobacco use in university students. But ratio of problematic tobacco and alcohol users weren't handled sufficiently in many studies. Clinical trials revealed that using valid and reliable screening tests were better for estimating the problematic alcohol and tobacco users. The aim of study is to investigate the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use and determine the ratio of problem drinkers and smokers in university students. Materials and methods:The sample of the study consisted of 371 university students (181 boys and 190 girls) of Pamukkale University. CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye opener) and Fagerstrom Tolerance Test for Nicotine Dependency was used to detect problematic alcohol and tobacco users. Results:132 (35.6%) students were using tobacco and 131 (35.3%) were using alcohol. 48 (36.4%) smokers had 5 or more points from Fagerstrom test, 34 (26.2%) alcohol users had score of 2 or more from CAGE questionnaire and 12 students had 5 or more points from Fagerstrom test and 2 or more points from CAGE. Conclusion: Despite all efforts on reducing alcohol and tobacco use, it was still an important issue in university students. 1/3 of smokers and 1/4 of alcohol users were in risk for problematic tobacco and alcohol use. Increasing the preventive and therapeutic actions for university students might be helpful for decreasing the development of dependency in this group. Med J 2015;8(...
Alcohol dependence is associated with genetic variants of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes and genes related to dopaminergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, glutamatergic, opioid, cholinergic, and serotonergic systems. Genetic variations in the endogenous cannabinoid system are also involved in alcohol dependence. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between three polymorphisms, DRD2 TaqIA, 5-HT1B A-161T, and CNR1 1359 G/A (rs1049353), and alcohol dependence. One hundred twenty three patients who were admitted to the Alcohol and Substance Abuse Center of Denizli State Hospital and diagnosed with alcohol dependence according to the DSM-IV criteria and 125 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Of the three polymorphisms investigated, 5-HT1B A-161T was the only one found to be associated with alcohol dependence. The 5-HT1B receptor A-161T polymorphism might be a promising marker for alcohol dependence; however, future studies are needed to clarify these findings.
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