In the process of dealing with various problems that are related to the control and management of complex systems, uncertainty is always the issue. Most of the decisions to be made by engineers and governors are subject to a lack of data that causes uncertainty. Some information is not always accessible and insufficient at the time of decision-making (DM). It is important to use the concept of a human being's expert knowledge, so developing models to estimate and imitate human decision-making systems has been becoming necessary. This chapter will critically assess the fuzzy reliability theory and systems to demonstrate how fuzzy logic represents human behavior and non-linearity. The authors created a fuzzy inference system to model two different complex systems. Fuzzy approaches to real problems in DM are effective alternatives to traditional approaches. Fuzzy integrations improve DM models in five principal features: (1) expert knowledge, (2) uncertainty handling, (3) human and government behavior modeling, (4) flexible modeling, and (5) simpler representations.

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4Çocuklarda 0-3 yaş arası yabancı cisim (YC) aspirasyonu sık görülmektedir. Kız olgu, 4 ay önce ani başlayan öksü-rük, ateş ve balgam çıkarma şikayetiyle bir sağlık merkezinde akut bronşit tanısı ile iki kez tedavi edildi. Şikayeti-nin sürmesi üzerine, çekilen akciğer grafisinde özofagus-ta yabancı cisim şüphesi ile Göğüs Cerrahisi Kliniğimize sevk edilen olguya yapılan özofagoskopide YC görülme-di. Çekilen akciğer yan grafisinde, keskin ucu trakea orta hatta, yuvarlak ucu sağ hemitoraksa yönelmiş YC saptandı. Rijit bronkoskopi ile çıkarılamayan YC, torakotomi ve bronkotomi yöntemiyle genel anestezi altında çıkarıldı. YC 6 cm boyunda çivi idi. Bu sunum, çocukluk çağındaki YC aspirasyonlarının çeşitliliğini, hekimlerin sağlık kurumları-na inatçı öksürük şikayeti ile başvuran çocuklarda YC aspirasyonu olasılığına her zaman dikkat etmeleri gerektiği-ni ve ebeveyn ihmalini göstermek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.Anahtar Sözcükler: Aspirasyon; adli olgu; yabancı cisim.Foreign body (FB) aspiration is common in children aged 0-3 years. Our case, a 2.5-year-old girl, presented with sudden onset of cough, fever and sputum; she had been treated twice for acute bronchitis four months ago. Resisting complaints led to an esophagoscopic examination in our Chest Surgery Clinic after a chest X-ray suggested FB in the esophagus, but no FB could be detected. A lateral chest X-ray revealed a FB with its sharp end targeting the trachea and its round end to the right hemithorax. Removal of the FB with forceps was not possible during rigid bronchoscopy. The FB was removed by thoracotomy and bronchotomy under general anesthesia. The removed FB was a nail measuring 6 cm in length. This case report should serve to stress the diversity of FB aspirations in childhood, the role of parental neglect, and that physicians should be aware of the possibility of FB in children with persistent cough.

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