ObjectiveDiabetes is a global problem with devastating human, social and economic impact. Anti-diabetic medications play a major role in the glycemic control of patients with diabetes. However, inadequate adherence compromises safety and treatment effectiveness, leading to increased mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to assess adherence to anti-diabetic medications and associated factors among patient with diabetes mellitus receiving care at Zewditu Memorial Hospital.ResultsAmong the total of 146 diabetic patients (mean age 46.5 ± 14.7), the level of adherence to anti diabetic medication was 54.8% (80) whilst 45.2% (66) of the participants were non adherent. Multiple logistic regression showed that knowledge of medication (AOR = 4.905, 95% CI 1.64–14.62, medication availability (AOR = 0.175, 95% CI 0.031–0.987) and education level (AOR = 13.65, 95% CI 1.45–128.456) were reasons for non-adherence.

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All cases of liver tumor referred to the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Saudi Arabia during 2.5 years were reviewed. Hepatocellular carcinoma, 104 cases, was considerably more common than metastatic carcinoma with unknown primary, 15 cases. Lymphoma presenting as liver tumor occurred in three cases and there were no cases of cholangiocarcinoma. There were only two cases of benign tumor, both hemangioma. Hepatocellular carcinoma was characterized by a male predominance of 6:1, positive hepatitis B surface antigen in 60%, presentation with an enlarged, hard liver in over 90%, a systolic‐diastolic bruit over the mass in 45%, a single highly echogenic lesion in the right lobe on ultrasound in 80%, and rapid progression. The serum AST (aspartate aminotransferase, serumglutamic oxalacetic transaminase [SGOT]) was abnormal in 97% and was higher than the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in 93% of cases compared with 17% in 100 consecutive cases of chronic active hepatitis. Sixty‐six percent of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had serum AFP greater than 200 ng/ml. Excluding five cases of germ cell tumor (none involving the liver), and pregnant patients, serum AFP was less than 200 ng/ml in all other patients in whom it was measured between 1979 and 1981. A practical approach to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is outlined. Biopsy does not appear to be indicated in many cases of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Burkitt's lymphoma, resembling the African variety, occurred in 16 Saudi Arabian children seen at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre over a period of five years. The age range was from 3 to 12 years and the median age was 4.5 years. Weight loss, anorexia, abdominal pain, and chewing difficulty were the most frequent presenting complaints. The abdominal viscera and the facial bones were the commonest sites of initial involvement. Renal parenchymal infiltration with subsequent acute renal failure was a prominent feature in these patients. The majority of patients came from the Southern and Southwestern parts of Saudi Arabia and their disease occurred during the rainy season. These findings, contrary to previously published reports, indicate Burkitt's lymphoma does exist in Saudi Arabia and that it exhibits space-time clustering as was originally observed in some parts of Africa.

Conventional machining of nickel-titanium shape-memory alloys (NiTi SMAs) faces significant challenges as a result of high thermal and mechanical distortions. The phase transformation temperatures of NiTi SMAs are primarily affected by the rise in temperature during the cutting process, which causes poor machinability under the conventional coolant approach. This research explored the effects of hybrid cooling-lubricating of minimal quantity nano-lubricants with compressible-chilled air generated from a vortex tube during the turning of the NiTi alloys. The experimental procedure involved measurement of induced-cutting force components under variable cutting conditions utilising various coolant approaches. A depth of cut, 0.5 mm with cutting speeds of 12.5, 25, and 50 m/min and feed rates of 0.05 and 0.1 rev/min were utilised. The hybrid cooling approach of minimum quantity nano-lubricants with vortex cooling, can increase tool life for most of the tested conditions and has a considerable influence in reducing the inducedcutting force. In contrast, only marginal improvement was observed for the surface roughness when using the same coolant-lubricant strategy.