Turnover is a substantial problem all over the world, in all the industries. The problem is further impairing to the performance of knowledge intensive industries such as pharmaceuticals. This study examined the effect of Organizational justice facets i.e. Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice and Interactional Justice on Turnover Intention. Based on a sample of 141employees from 19 Private sector pharmaceutical companies located in Peshawar. The results reveal that Procedural Justice and Distributive Justice have significant and constructive effect on Turnover Intention while of Interactional Justice had no statistically significant effect. The analysis also shows that Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation as mediating variables significant effect on relationship between Organizational and Turnover Intentions.
Loralai is the district of Balochistan, Pakistan. Climate of this region is arid and farmers rely on rainfall and groundwater irrigation. In this study, seven orchards, seven croplands, two farms under tree-based intercropping were sampled for soil organic matter (SOM) and soil macrofauna. These farms have diverse management history and are of various ages since under agricultural practices. The soil organic matter in upper soil layer (0-10 cm depth) of orchards was 30% higher (18.9 ± 6.3 g kg-1 soil) than croplands (13.2 ± 2.9 g kg-1 soil; P < 0.05). The highest concentration of SOM was found in the soil of diversified tree-based intercropping field (26.07±1.35 g kg-1 soil) with the history of 10 years of conservation agriculture (shallow tillage with organic and inorganic fertilizer input) and crop rotation with no fallow period. The total number of macrofauna and number of species of macrofauna was also found higher in diversified tree-based intercropping system. In general, number of soil fauna was higher in the orchards (5.25 ± 3.3 per site sampled) than croplands (2 ± 0.81 per site sampled). This study demonstrates that diversified agro-ecosystem under conservation agriculture in this arid region enhanced concentration of SOM and number and species of soil macrofauna.
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