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Arginine grouped in a gluconeogenic amino acid extensively found in the animal's cells. Fast growing animals require more arginine in their diet as broilers and pigs. It plays a critical role in ammonia detoxification and protein biosynthesis. Arginine is not only involved in the synthesis and catabolism of a variety of nutrients in the animal body but mainly act as an immunomodulatory mediator. Along with nutritional function has immune-related functions. In urea cycle act as an important intermediate and also catalyzes the production of ornithine by enzyme arginase and converted into polyamines that involved later in cell proliferation and wound healing. Nitric oxide synthases catalyze the production of nitric oxide from arginine and NO is a cellular signaling molecule for immune regulation. Many hormones secretion increased by arginine particularly the growth hormones which could enhance the immune function. Arginine metabolism pathway and its downstream metabolites like nitric oxide and polyamines might be vital for the activation of T-cell and ultimately take part in adaptive immunity. For immune regulation, arginine could stimulate the production of different immune cytokines. In this paper, in the perspective to provide significance reference about arginine in the immune study, the arginine immune mechanism and use of arginine in animals will review. Contribution/Originality: Present study has contributed significant scientific information on a particular subject area "arginine as an immune regulator". Many researchers have discussed the arginine as feed ingredients in the animal diet, but less scientific data is available related to immune functions of arginine. Therefore, this study is one of the very few studies which have reported that arginine use as an immune regulator in animal nutrition. 1. INTRODUCTION Arginine as a basic amino acid consumed in diet as naturally was discovered over 100 years ago. Also some other food products contains arginine as constituents but in nuts, watermelon juice, seeds, algae, rice protein concentrate, meats, and soy protein isolate and seafood are rich in arginine [1]. First time in 1886 by German scientist, arginine was isolated from lupin and pumpkin seedling [2]. It was reported that arginine is essential amino acid for optimal growth as well as for the maintenance and nitrogen balance in newborn suckling piglets [3]. In young rodents it was reported to be essential for their optimum growth [4]. Arginine has a wide range of biological function, which is not only an important raw material for the synthesis of proteins, but also it is a

In vivo regeneration of lost or dysfunctional islet β cells can fulfill the promise of improved therapy for diabetic patients. To achieve this, many mitogenic factors have been attempted, including gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA remarkably affects pancreatic islet cells’ (α cells and β cells) function through paracrine and/or autocrine binding to its membrane receptors on these cells. GABA has also been studied for promoting the transformation of α cells to β cells. Nonetheless, the gimmickry of GABA‐induced α‐cell transformation to β cells has two different perspectives. On the one hand, GABA was found to induce α‐cell transformation to β cells in vivo and insulin‐secreting β‐like cells in vitro. On the other hand, GABA treatment showed that it has no α‐ to β‐cell transformation response. Here, we will summarize the physiological effects of GABA on pancreatic islet β cells with an emphasis on its regenerative effects for transdifferentiation of islet α cells to β cells. We will also critically discuss the controversial results about GABA‐mediated transdifferentiation of α cells to β cells.

Contribution/Originality: Present study has much contribution of inulin use in animal nutrition. Before that lot of studies available on inulin in human. In our study we focus on inulin use in animal diet. It is considered a functional plant-based ingredient that effectively boosts digestion and other processes. From this study scientists and nutritionists get idea to use inulin in livestock and other animal feed.

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