Abstract-Introduction:Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are the major contributors of mortality associated with burn injuries. The aim of this research was to document the antecedents affiliated with major burn injuries, hospitalization and mortality in burn patients. Methods: We performed a single center prospective study of patients admitted during 3 months period (April-June 2014) in burn wards of government hospital. There were 100 patients in this investigation which were observed weekly. The inclusion criterion was based on the shifting of patients from emergency to the wards after initial treatment of more than 24 h. Variables included were age and gender of the patient, the percent total body surface area (%TBSA) burn, the cause of the burn. Results: Mean age of patients was 30.29 years. More females (55.67%) were admitted than males (44.32%). The total body surface area (%TBSA) burnt were from 15%-95% respectively moreover children were more sensitive to hospital acquired infections (HAIs) and mortality rate was 34% in children with mean age of 5 years and disability of body parts were 42% among 75% were females. Whereas the most common (HAIs) were primary bloodstream (PBS) with mean value of 30.50, wound infections (WIS) were at second prevalence with mean value of 27.50, followed by sepsis (S) and pneumonia (P) 10.33, eye infections (EIs) 4.833 and urinary tract infections (UTIs) 2.667. Factors significantly (p-value= 0.000) associated with increased duration of hospitalization caught HAIs mortality include the age and gender of the patient, the cause of burn, inhalation injury, the region affected and %TBSA burnt. Conclusion: It concluded that the mortality was very much dependent on age and gender of the patient, burn causes, affected area as well as % TBSA burnt are considerable factors in determining the relationship of HAIs and whether the patients will survive or knuckle to injuries. Better compliance techniques, stricter control over disinfection and sterilization practices and usage of broad spectrum antibiotics, and reduction of the environmental contamination are required to reduce the HAIs rates among burn patients.
This article critically analyzes the role of confidence-building measures (CBMs) in the evolution of relations between Pakistan and India. Relations between these two nuclear-armed states remain in turmoil even after 73 years of independence. The study begins with an overview of the relations/conflicts and a brief history of diplomatic engagements between the two countries since independence from British rule in 1947. We explain the theoretical framework of CBMs by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the CBMs approach. Subsequently, we analyze several significant confidence-building initiatives between the two countries in various domains of bilateral relations and identify the spoilers affecting relations between the two countries. Research suggests that Pakistan and India require a comprehensive and integrated approach for CBMs in political, military, economic, environmental, and social domains to foster an environment of mutual trust and peaceful coexistence.
This study examines the dynamics of gray zone warfare by analyzing its conceptualization in the literature and through its practice in several recent examples. Ever-increasing changes in the characteristics of contemporary warfare have complicated the security environment of the 21st century. Modern warfare inclines toward non-kinetic dimensions based on the principles of hybridity, soft power, and ambiguity. This changing nature of warfare has been defined and categorized in diverse ways, leading to numerous perspectives revealing more confusion than clarity. The terms “hybrid warfare,” “gray zone warfare,” “unrestricted warfare,” and “ambiguous warfare” have received unprecedented attention in recent years. A key contemporary challenge is to differentiate between war and peace because gray zone warfare occupies the space in between both these situations. Many contemporary conflicts are neither black nor white; instead, they fall in the middle of the two: the gray zone. These factors underscore the significance of evaluating and understanding the concept of gray zone warfare. The United States considers Russia, China, and Iran as revisionist states that employ gray zone warfare in various domains to challenge the United States-led world order. South Asia is also a manifested playground of gray zone warfare. The research further distinguishes between gray zone warfare and hybrid warfare and proposes strategies for countering this threat.
This research paper analyses the dynamics of Hybrid Warfare to envisage its impact upon peace and conflict situation in Pakistan. The research explores how different domains of society have been affected by the application of Hybrid Warfare. Furthermore, the research focuses on the existing and future challenges being faced by Pakistan in the domain of Hybrid Warfare. The term Hybrid warfare has become the modern buzz-word among various circles, including media, academicians, and policy-making spheres. However, there is hardly any agreement on what this concept encompasses. Nonetheless, the widespread usage of the notion in numerous circles proposes that a novel form of warfare has emerged. This research argues that Pakistan is facing multi-dimensional and multidirectional challenges where the dominant threat stems from Eastern neighbour, but the involvement of other state and non-actors further complicates the situation.
This paper aims to analyze the role of media as an instrument of Hybrid warfare to shape public opinion and to see its impact on different organs of state. 21st Century dawned alongside an emerging form of warfare called Hybrid Warfare, one which in its nature and character is remarkably diverse and whose scope extends beyond conventional elements of war, that is to say, domain, adversary, objective, and force. Modern wars, owing to asymmetric lines of conflict, are difficult to be categorized as conventional or counterinsurgency and are in stark contrast to traditional models of war and peace. Given the multifaceted dimensions of this new concept of waging war, it is significant to evaluate its contours and grasp an understanding of its nature and instruments. Does the paper evaluate how it can play a pivotal role to mitigate existing and future challenges being faced by Pakistan in the domain of Hybrid Warfare?
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