The present study pursues the primaeval customs of patriarchy and its tormenting effects happening in the lives of women in Pakistan. The purpose of this research is to explore how patriarchal traditions, class differences, and their triple marginalization in the novel played chaos in the lives of females. Though the existing status of women is traditionally much better than that of women in the West but still they are not empowered and are deprived of basic rights. GC Spivak provides the theoretical foundations for this research through her theory, can the subaltern speak (1988). This research is based on qualitative textual analysis. The present study explores the status of women in Pakistan through the characterization of various female characters in the novel. This study concludes that they are portrayed as compliant and deserted beings deprived of every kind of individualism.
The dissertation/thesis as an academic genre has evolved in academic circles in the past 30 years or so. Research into various aspects of the academic genres in general and thesis writing, in particular, started more than two decades ago. However, not much research has been carried out regarding the theorizing of literature review writing as a separate genre in theses, especially in non-native English contexts. The present study aimed to fill the theoretical voids in the research area of Literature Review (LR) section in thesis writing in Pakistani academic settings; thus this study probes into the process of construction of literature reviewing to find out that how students organise this section and deal with the potential problems as an analytical piece of writing with sound argumentation. The current study has investigated the schematic patterns in the literature review through the framework of move analysis in genre theory. The data was drawn from fifteen (15) doctoral theses in the field of English linguistics. The methodology allows for an in-depth coding of the LR chapters in theses to investigate the rhetorical organization. In the coding process, the study has also taken insights from the two previous models of Kwan (2006) and Swales’ seminal CARS model (1990) in order to study the moves (and steps) as rhetorical units. The results of the study reflect the dominant presence of Move 1, Move 2 and Move 4, whereas the employment of Move 3 is comparatively less which justifies the worth of writer’s work. This reveals that the students resort to these moves more often to perform a ritual of literature reviewing and in dire need to be trained enough to craft the LRs argumentatively. Thus, researchers have proposed a revised model to overcome the shortcoming.
This research study highlights the role of Mohammed Hanif as a native informer in representing his own culture and religion, Islam, in his novel, Red Birds (2018). Edward Said's postcolonial theory, as presented in Orientalism (1979) and Covering Islam (1997), is applied as a tool to analyze the novel textually and contextually. The research methodology is inductive and exploratory. According to Said (1979), political knowledge may influence a state's policies about a region, as is evident in Red Birds. Hanif (2018) uses Major Ellie and Momo in the novel as his mouthpieces in depicting and representing Muslims as backwards and savages. This approach of Hanif's (2018) towards Muslims serves the narrative of the Neo-Orientalists. As Dabashi (2011), argues that Neo-Orientalists have historically used diaspora authors for their purposes. Hanif, as a native informer, has misrepresented Islam in Red Birds (2018). Hanif (2018) portrays Islam as an outdated religion. The modern world need not propagate any religion or culture negatively. Instead, we need flexibility and acceptance for peaceful co-existence.
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