Proposing an optimal routing protocol for internet of vehicles with reduced overhead has endured to be a challenge owing to the incompetence of the current architecture to manage flexibility and scalability. The proposed architecture, therefore, consolidates an evolving network standard named as software defined networking in internet of vehicles. Which enables it to handle highly dynamic networks in an abstract way by dividing the data plane from the control plane. Firstly, road-aware routing strategy is introduced: a performance-enhanced routing protocol designed specifically for infrastructure-assisted vehicular networks. In which roads are divided into road segments, with road side units for multi-hop communication. A unique property of the proposed protocol is that it explores the cellular network to relay control messages to and from the controller with low latency. The concept of edge controller is introduced as an operational backbone of the vehicle grid in internet of vehicles, to have a real-time vehicle topology. Last but not least, a novel mathematical model is estimated which assists primary controller in a way to find not only a shortest but a durable path. The results illustrate the significant performance of the proposed protocol in terms of availability with limited routing overhead. In addition, we also found that edge controller contributes mainly to minimizes the path failure in the network. Keywords Software defined networking (SDN) • Internet of vehicles (IoV) • Road-aware approach • Edge controller (EC)

In Internet of Vehicles (IoV), numerous routing metrics have been used to assess the performance of routing protocols such as, packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-to-end delay and path duration. Path duration is an influential design parameter, among these routing metrics, that determines the performance of vehicular networks. For instance, in highly dynamic scenarios, it can be used to predict link life time in on-demand routing protocols. In this paper, we propose an infrastructure-assisted hybrid road-aware routing protocol which is capable of enhanced vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. A remarkable aspect of the proposed protocol is that it establishes a link between path duration and fundamental design parameters like vehicular velocity, density, hop count and transmission range. Although, a lot of research has been previously performed, a well defined analytical model for IoV is not available in the literature. Precisely, a relation between path duration and vehicular velocity has not been validated in the previous studies. Experimental results show that the increased packet delivery ratio with reduced end-to-end delay can be achieved by the prediction of path duration. Proposed model for path duration is validated by getting experimental results from network simulator 3 (NS3) and analytical results from MATLAB. In addition, SUMO simulator was used to generate real time traffic on the roads of Gangnam district, South Korea.

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Optical biosensors are a versatile detection and analysis tool used in biological research, health care, pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, homeland security, and the battlefield. [1] They do not interfere with electromagnetic (EM) radiation, manifest distant sensing capability, and may enable multiplexed detection in a single device. Optical biosensing technologies are widely used in current biomedical and environmental monitoring applications because they provide a reliable and quick way to identify and discriminate specific objects from a wide range of samples. [2][3][4][5] More interestingly, Optical biosensors outperform standard analytical techniques by delivering highly-sensitive, selective, and cost-effective real-time and label-free detection of biological and chemical molecules. [6,7] High specificities, sensitivity, small size, and cost-effectiveness are among the benefits.Metasurfaces are planar or 2D forms of metamaterials made up of arrays of antennas with a subwavelength thickness. They have been rapidly developed in the recent years due to their ability to manipulate light-matter interaction in both linear and non-linear regimes at the nanoscale. Various metasurfaces display remarkable optical features, such as acute resonance, significant nearfield enhancement, and suitable capacity to support electric and magnetic modes, on account of the strong light-matter interaction and the low optical loss. Due to these important properties, they can be used in several advanced optoelectronic applications, like surface-enhanced spectroscopy, photocatalysis, and sensing. This review reports on the recent progress of metamaterials and metasurfaces in molecular optical sensors. The principles that govern plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces along with their features are outlined, supported by numerous examples. Then, the factors that result in a high Q-factor are presented in order to show that metamaterials and metasurfaces can be used for label-free sensing in a variety of detection mechanisms, including surface-enhanced spectroscopy, refractometric sensing, and surface-enhanced thermal emission spectroscopy via infrared absorption and Raman scattering, as well as chiral sensing. Finally, the challenges for future development are outlined.

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