Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to the user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term "substance abuse" is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being; physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the user is abstinent. There are a lot of effects of drug addiction to the economy, society, and family. Drug addiction affects individual's physical and mental health. Drug addicts are burden for a family and society. It is a great challenge for all nations of the world to prevent drug addiction. This article reviews the effects of drug addiction in details. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17927 Medicine Today 2013 Vol.25(2): 84-89
ObjectiveLow back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder. This study aims to determine the residence-specific and sex-specific prevalence and the factors associated with LBP in Bangladesh.MethodsThe study subjects (aged ≥18 years) were identified from 20 primary sampling units of the national census following a cross-sectional multistage stratified sampling design. We considered the mechanical type of LBP for this study. A Bangla version of the modified Community Oriented Programme for Control of Rheumatic Disorders questionnaire was used. A team of trained field workers, rheumatology residents and rheumatologists collected the data. Analysis was done using weighted data.ResultsTwo thousand subjects were approached, but 1843 could be screened. Among them, 561 had musculoskeletal disorders, and 343 were diagnosed with LBP. The weighted prevalence of LBP was 18.5% (95% CI: 11.8% to 25.2%) and age-standardised prevalence of LBP was 19.4% (95% CI: 14.0% to 24.8%), which was higher in women (27.2%, 19.3% to 35.1%) than men (14.0%, 8.7% to 19.3%). The prevalence persistently increased from age group 18–34 years (10.5%, 5.7 to 15.4) to ≥55 years (27.8%, 16.1% to 39.5%). People with no education had the highest prevalence (31.3%, 22.3% to 40.4%). The prevalence did not differ between urban and rural residential locations. Four factors were significantly associated with LBP: age (adjusted odds ratio: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.7 to 3.4), female sex (2.2, 1.5 to 3.3), absence of formal education (2.3, 1.6 to 3.3) and hypertension (1.7, 1.1 to 2.6).ConclusionLBP is a common problem in Bangladeshi adults. The factors identified are age, female sex, no formal education and hypertension. These should be addressed adequately to prevent and treat LBP.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background Musculoskeletal manifestations are common extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Tofacitinib is a Janus kinase inhibitor approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. There are limited data on the efficacy of tofacitinib in managing inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis. Here we report two patients with ulcerative colitis- and Crohn’s disease-associated arthritis successfully responding to tofacitinib. Cases A 34-year-old Bangladeshi woman presented with lower limb polyarthritis for 7 years. Six months after the onset of polyarthritis, she developed abdominal pain with rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy and rectal biopsy findings confirmed ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative colitis associated arthritis was diagnosed. Treatment with sulfasalazine, etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, and methotrexate gave no long-lasting remission. Methotrexate with mesalazine gave a partial response, and tofacitinib 5 mg twice per day was added. Her articular and abdominal symptoms improved within a month, and remission persisted till 24 months of follow-up, except a short-lasting mild flare at the seventh month. A 52-year-old Bangladeshi man had Crohn’s disease for 5 years. He presented with a swollen left knee and pain in other joints. Laboratory showed positive HLA-B27. He was intolerant to sulfasalazine and experienced poor response to methotrexate. Due to his inability to afford anti-tumor necrosis factor, tofacitinib was initiated. His arthritis improved within a month, and he remained in remission up to the sixth month. Conclusions In a woman with ulcerative colitis associated arthritis, refractory to biologic therapy, both arthritis and colitis improved with tofacitinib. A patient with Crohn’s disease-associated arthritis went into remission with tofacitinib. Tofacitinib may be effective in inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis.
Amyloidosis is a condition characterised by extracellular tissue deposition of fibrils causing a wide range of clinical manifestations. This protein deposition can occur in any tissue, most commonly in the kidney, heart, skin, peripheral nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract. However, the deposition of amyloid fibrils in the synovium is seldom reported. Musculoskeletal manifestations are subtle, subclinical and rarely the patient presents with symptoms that resemble rheumatic diseases. Here, we describe a 55-year-old man with AL (amyloid light chain) amyloidosis who presented with inflammatory polyarthritis with significant morning stiffness, inflammatory low back pain, and painful thickened tongue. The patient had anaemia, macroglossia with lateral scalloping of the tongue, papules, and plaques in the periocular, perioral and perinasal area, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, localised soft tissue swelling over the joints, restricted movement in different joints with flexion contractures in some joints. Rheumatoid factor and ACPA were negative and the X-ray of the sacroiliac joints was normal. We confirmed amyloidosis by biopsy of an affected skin lesion. In the urine, no Bence Jones protein was found and bone marrow study and x-ray of the skull were normal. Plasma immuno-electrophoresis and serum free light chain (FLC) assay confirmed lambda light chain type monoclonal gammopathy. Take home message: Although AL amyloidosis is a rare condition, it should be considered while evaluating atypical symptoms in patients presenting with rheumatic complaints. A high index of suspicion is necessary for proper diagnosis as delay in diagnosis will yield a poorer treatment outcome.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.