Salinity stress is one of the most vital abiotic stresses which results in significant damages of agricultural production, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Salinity causes by high accumulation of soluble salt, especially NaCl in soil and water. Salinity hampers the growth and survival of many field crops such as rice, wheat, maize, cotton, sugarcane, and sorghum. It affects the plant growth by three ways such as osmotic stress linked with an increase of phytotoxic ions, ionic stress e in the cytosol, and oxidative stress facilitated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These stresses caused by salinity hinder the water uptake, causes ion imbalance, ROS production, and hormonal imbalance, and results in the decline of photosynthesis activities reduce the plant growth and final yield. However, the sensitivity of field crops depends on the nature of cultivar and growth stages. There are many strategies to cope with salinity stress which are the development of salinity tolerant crop cultivators by using genetic and molecular techniques such as QTLs and CRISPR CAS9 technique, nutrients management strategies, use of hormones regulators (AVG, 1-MCP, D-31). This chapter will give a brief idea to the scientist to understand the effects of salinity on field crops and their management strategies.

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Rice–wheat crop rotations have high carbon fluxes. A 2-year field study in Punjab, Pakistan quantified impacts of different nutrient management on harvestable carbon biomass, crop-derived C, soil organic C sequestration (SCS), and decomposition. Treatments included different combinations of mineral fertilizer, animal manure (20 Mg ha−1), and incorporated crop residue in a split-plot design under conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT). Combined use of mineral fertilizer and manure resulted in (1) 12.56% to 53.31% more harvestable C biomass compared to use of fertilizer and manure alone and (2) 18.27% to 60.72% more crop-derived C inputs relative to using only fertilizer or manure across both tillage practices. Combined fertilizer/manure treatments also significantly enhanced SCS relative to using fertilizer alone. Using only manure increased SCS by 63.25% compared with fertilizer alone across both tillage practices. The relationship between SCS and C inputs indicated high humification (14.50%) and decomposition rates (0.46 Mg ha−1 year−1) under CT compared to RT at 0–15 cm soil depth. At 15–30 cm soil depth, rates of humification (10.7%) and decomposition (0.06 Mg ha−1 year−1) were lower for CT compared to RT. Combined manure/fertilizer treatments could induce high C sequestration and harvestable C biomass with reduced decomposition in rice–wheat rotations.