Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and practice of gynecologists with regard to oral and dental health during pregnancy. Design of the Study: It was a cross-sectional study. Study Settings: This study was carried out at Outpatient Department of Dentistry Combined Military Hospital, Lahore from January 2019 to July 2019. Methods & Materials: The questionnaire was distributed among 450 gynaecologists. The evaluation tool was questionnaire. It was consisted on 23 items in which 18 questions were about the knowledge and five questions about the practice. The response of the respondents was received as yes or no. All the collected data entered in software and statistical analysis of data was done using the SPSS version 22.0. For quantitative variables mean and standard deviation were calculated. Qualitative variables were presented in the form of frequency and percentage. Results: In our study response rate was found to be 84.4%. During pregnancy related to the oral healthcare average of gynaecologist’s knowledge was 12.31±2.73 which showed that they have appropriate knowledge level. During pregnancy related to the oral healthcare measures average of gynaecologist’s knowledge was 3.31 ± 1.256 which exhibited that they have appropriate knowledge level of practices measures. A significant relationship between year of graduation and gynaecologist’s knowledge was observed (P = 0.31), whereas insignificant relationship between graduation year and practice was observed (P = 0.763). During pregnancy related to the need of oral and dental care before & during pregnancy gynaecologist’s knowledge was 3.67 ± 1.035. Conclusion: Gynecologist’s knowledge about oral and dental hygiene measure during the pregnancy was appropriate. Women who are planning their pregnancy must get knowledge from dentist, obstetricians and gynecologists to reduce the rate of complications. Effect of pregnancy on oral and dental hygiene is on the one hand and inhibition from its side effects is on the other hand. Keywords: Gynecologist, Oral Health, Pregnant women

Objective: To assess the suboptimal health status among young adults and its association with their demographic factors visiting institute of dentistry CMH, Lahore Design of the Study: It was a cross-sectional study. Study Settings: This study was carried out at Outpatient Department of Dentistry Combined Military Hospital, Lahore from August 2020 to January 2021. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with sample of 384 young adults visiting institute of dentistry CMH, Lahore. Suboptimal health status was using the “Suboptimal Health Mesurement Scale” ver-1.0. Information of demographics and information related to affecting to lifestyle behaviors were evaluated with a questionnaire. The associations between demographic information, lifestyle behaviors were checked by applying a Pearson coefficient Chi-square test. Results of the Study: A total of 384 participants were included in this study. The mean age of the participants was a 27.79±5.23 year with 53.2 % being women. Age group 19-28 years had high sub-optimal health 51.7% (199), while participants falling in age category 29-39 years had low sub-optimal health 48.3% (186). There was a strong association between the two independent variables. Pearson chi square (1) = 4.152, p value 0.0. Conclusion: It was found that suboptimal health status was significantly associated with demographics of young adults, environmental factors and life style behaviors in both males and females. Keywords: Suboptimal health status, demographic factors, demographic factors scale, young adults

Objective: To evaluate awareness and practice of oral hygiene measures amongst college students of Lahore. To assess awareness and practice of oral hygiene measures amongst students of CMH LMC, LUMS, UET, FAST, Punjab College & Lahore Garrison University Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted among non-dental students using a questionnaire. Results: Most frequently used oral hygiene measure was toothbrush (81.3%). Most frequently used interdental aid was toothpick. (53.8%). 68% of the participants were aware about oral hygiene and most common mode of awareness was by dental fraternity 34.6%. 51% of the participants were using interdental aids. 49% of the participants were not using oral hygiene adjuncts and the most common reason was not knowing how to use it. (28.8%) Conclusions:68% of the participants were aware about oral hygiene measures but only half of the participants in this study engaged in regular oral hygiene measures and lack of knowledge was the dominant reason for not doing so. Key words: oral health, periodontal disease, interdental areas, interdental cleansing, interdental aids.

Introduction: The origin of halitosis comes from the Latin word "Halitus" meaning 'breath, exhaled air.' Halitosis is an unpleasant odour exhaled in breathing, also known by the name of bad breath. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the level of knowledge of fresh medical graduates and their management skills towards halitosis. Methods & Materials: A questionnaire was designed to collect the required information from the fresh medical graduates. The duration of the study was 6 months January 2020 to June 2020. Study was conducted on fresh medical graduates from private and public sector across Lahore visiting the dental Outpatient Department of Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College Results: The study sample comprised of 59.3% females and 40.7% of males. Astonishing, 71.4% did not treat halitosis amongst patients visiting for treatment whilst 28.6% provided treatment for halitosis. Surprisingly, only 28.6% of medical doctors treated oral malodour. Alarmingly 71% doctor did not treat oral malodour. A whopping 95.2 % blamed poor oral hygiene to the biggest cause of halitosis. Stagnation of food secured 2nd place with 70% followed by chronic periodontal disease at 64.8%. Surprisingly, 0.4% mentioned that eating Garlic/raw food was considered as a least reason for oral malodour. Discussion: Conclusion: Halitosis was prevalent among patients visiting medical doctors for treatment. They can benefit from enhanced understanding and encouragement to improve their own and the patient's oral hygiene because of their responsibilities to diagnose and improve oral health..

Objective: To determine the prevalence of traumatic injuries to the anterior teeth among 7 to 14 year-old school children. Design: It was a cross-sectional study. Study Settings: This study was done in 10 Government & Private High Schools of Lahore, Pakistan from November 2021 to April 2022. Material and Methods: There were a total of 2230 students between the ages of 7 and 14 participated in the study. Oral examinations and structured questionnaires were used to gather data, which included socioeconomic factors. Results: Total 11.3 percent of the permanent anterior teeth in the current study had TDI. It was found that there is a considerable gender difference in the incidence of dental trauma, with more boys than girls experiencing it. Fall-related injuries accounted for the majority of TDI cases (68.5 percent), then sports (11.2 percent). The permanent maxillary central incisors were frequently broken, with enamel-related fractures being the most frequently reported. The most frequent injury noted was an enamel fracture. Conclusion: Children of school age had a moderate prevalence of TDI, and it was advised that regular oral health education programmes about the causes and techniques of avoiding TDI be implemented. Keywords: Traumatic Dental Injuries, Prevalence, School Children, Anterior Teeth

Objective: The aim of this study is to discover effectiveness of interdental aid, their use in the daily oral hygiene and suggestion of interdental aid to be used. Methods & Materials: This study was conducted among 503 convenient samples of patients from outpatient department of IOD, CMH Lahore medical college. It is a questionnaire-based study. Data collected from February 2021 to April 2021. A written consent was taken. All the examiners were calibrated for check-up and questionnaire was filled on effectiveness of interdental aids and its uses and recommendation by individual. Results: Total 503 people with 230 females and 273 males were participated in the study. Majority of the sample size did not know how to do interdental cleaning. Also, there is lack of awareness about dental hygiene in the masses. Conclusion: Amongst the patients which came for their dental treatments who were using any interdental cleaning aid, toothpick was the most common choice. However, toothpicks are not a recommended aid because it can damage the gums and cause bleeding. Awareness should be given to the patients so that they use appropriate methods and aids for interdental cleaning. Keywords: Interdental Aids, Effectiveness

Objective: To assess the knowledge about different mandibular nerve block techniques of fresh dental graduates, dental surgeons and specialists to attain mandibular nerve block for dental treatment in Multan. Design of the Study: It was a cross-sectional survey. Study Settings: This study was carried out at Department of Dentistry at Multan Medical & Dental College, Nishtar Institute of dentistry (Nishtar Medical University) and Bakhtawer Amin Dental College from August 2019 to August 2020. Material and Methods: The study involved 220 respondents. The questionnaire was administered to fresh dental graduates (house officers) and dental surgeons in 3 dental colleges of Multan, and was collected on the same day. House officers who did not return the forms were reminded personally and contacted on the phone thrice over the following week. Results of the Study: The frequency of respondants who could administer Gow-Gates without supervison was 20.9% (n=46). Participants from NID, Multan had the highest frequency (35.3%) with the lowest in BIMDC (16.6%)and MMDC(20.6%). The differences were non-significant (p=0.19). Significantly higher frequency of male respondants (10%, n=22) claimed they could administer Gow-Gates without supervison compared to female respondants (5.4%, n=12, p=0.012, Chi-Square). Training for Gow-Gates had been received by 12.7% (n=28) of the House Officers and dental surgeons. The Highest frequency of training was in NID, Multan (5.4%, n= 12, p= 0.016, chi-square). Conclusion: The majority of the dental practitioners of Multan used IANB as their primary LA technique and intraligamental injections as a supplemental LA technique in their clinics to attain mandibular molars anesthesia for general dental procedures like fillings, root canals and extractions. Keywords: Mandibular local anesthesia, Inferior alveolar nerve block, Gow-Gates technique

Objective: To determine the maximum mouth opening (MMO) in Pakistani adult population and its possible correlation with sex and age. Design of the Study: It was a cross-sectional study. Study Settings: This study was carried out at Outpatient Department of Dentistry Combined Military Hospital, Lahore from January 2019 to July 2019. Material and Methods: The study involved 894 adults’ patients having 463 males and 431 females patients age in the range of twenty one year to seventy years. The patients were asked maximally open their mouth and keep it open until no further opening of mouth possible. Then with the help of calibrated fiber ruler distance was measured from incisal edge of the upper incisor teeth to the incisal edge of the lower incisor teeth. To check the correlation of mouth opening with age a Pearson correlation analysis was done and significance of the test was checked by applying the independent sample T-test will be applied taking p value of ≤0.05 as statistically significant. A written informed consent was obtained from every patient. Results of the Study: For males mean maximum opening of mouth was observed as 51.4±8.1 mm having its range 38 to 70. Mean maximum opening of mouth for females was observed as 43.1±5.9 mm having age range 37 to 55 mm. In 21 to 30 years age group the opening of mouth was 39.90 ± 5.02 mm for female’s patients and 40.26 ± 5.26 mm for male patients. In 31 to 40 years age group the opening of mouth was 39.54 ± 4.69 mm for females and for female’s patients it was 40.24 ± 4.55 for male patients. In 41 to 50 years age group MMO was 40.24 ± 5.02 mm for females and was 40.97 ± 4.79 mm for males. In age 51 to 60 years age group the equivalent values for males were 41.54 ± 5.49 and for females41.04 ± 5.63 mm. In 61 to 70 years age group the corresponding values for females and males were 40.33 ±5.55 mm and41.25 ± 6.04 respectively. Conclusion: The mean MMO for males was 51.4 ± 8.2 and for females was 43.1 ± 6.7. The opening of the mouth looks to reduce with age. The opening of mouth of females is not as much of the males in the all groups of age. Keywords: Maximum mouth opening (MMO), Age, Sex