Historical study of the Muhammad's behavior and business ethics before being appointed as messenger is an interesting study, because the conduct and business ethics that Mohammed applied was based on the study of the verses of the Koran. After appointed as messenger (40 years old), the life of prophet Muhammad was more guided by the revelations of the Qur'an. Some principles which the prophet applied are honest, amanah, accurate in weighting, , avoid gharar, not hoard goods, not execute al-ghab and tadlis among seller and buyer. ***Kajian sejarah mengenai perilaku dan etika bisnis Muhammad sebelum ditunjuk sebagai nabi merupakan kajian yang menarik, karena peri laku dan etika bisnis yang diterapkan oleh Muhammad didasarkan pada kajian ayat-ayat al-Qur'an. Setelah ditunjuk sebagai nabi (usia 40 tahun), kehidupan Nabi Muhammad lebih dibimbing oleh wahyu-wahyu al-Qur'an. Beberapa prinsip yang diterapkan oleh Muhammad adalah jujur, amanah, timbangan yang tepat, menghindari gharar, tidak menimbun barang, tidak melakukan al-ghalb dan tadlis di antara penjual dengan pembeli.

Sharia banking is currently facing a very competitive industry era. Customer retention is one of the phenomena confronted by Islamic banks in Indonesia. Therefore, the problem in this research is how to increase customer retention in the Islamic banking sector. This study also aims to test and analyze the effect of trust and brand image on customer retention with customer loyalty as an intervening variable. A total of 100 customer respondents who have saving accounts for more than five years at Sharia Bank filled out the questionnaire in this study. The collected data were processed using the Smart PLS program with measurements of the inner and outer model tests. The test results proved that trust, brand image, and customer loyalty positively and significantly affect customer retention in Islamic commercial banks. Meanwhile, indirect testing proved that the customer loyalty variable could mediate customer trust and retention variables. However, it is unable to mediate the brand image variables on customer retention.

<p><em>This study aims to examine the effect of Return On Assets, Leverage, Size, and Capital Intensity to tax avoidance. The purpose of this study is to provide empirically evidance about the effect of  Return On Assets, Leverage, Size and Capital Intensity to tax avoidance. The independent variables of this study are Return On Assets, Leverage, Size and Capital Intesity. The dependent variable is tax avoidance measured by Effective Tax Rate (ETR). The population in this study are 48 property and real estate companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) in period of 2013–2017. Sample was collected by purposive sampling method, total 28 property and real estate companies were taken as study’s sample. Analysis method of this research used multiple regression. The result showed that the return on assets and leverage signifficant effect on the tax avoidance. While size and capital intensity does not signifficant effect of the tax avoidance.</em><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Capital Intensity, Leverage, Return on Assets, Size, Tax Avoidance</em>

Mediation as one of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is seen as a way dispute resolution humane and just. Humanist because the mechanism decision-making (the peace agreement) become the authority of the parties dispute and maintain good relations. Fair because each party negotiate to option a problem solution from his problem and outputs a win-win solution. Therefore, dispute resolution with litigation is becoming obsolete and people turn to mediation. Through the Supreme Court Regulation (Perma) No. 1 In 2008, mediation has been integrated into the proceedings in the court system. Every civil matters must completed first by way of mediation. Each judge's decision not by way of mediation first, the decision shall be considered null and void. This paper discusses the effectiveness of mediation in the settlement of divorce cases in the Religious Court Central Java, because of a divorce case is a matter of the highest ranks in the Religious Court. The focus of the study is the implementation of divorce mediation cases, mediation success standard divorce cases and the litigants public response to the peace efforts through mediation procedures