BackgroundHerbs and spices are very important and useful as therapeutic agent against many pathological infections. Increasing multidrug resistance of pathogens forces to find alternative compounds for treatment of infectious diseases.MethodsIn the present study the antimicrobial potency of garlic and ginger has been investigated against eight local clinical bacterial isolates. Three types of extracts of each garlic and ginger including aqueous extract, methanol extract and ethanol extract had been assayed separately against drug resistant Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcusepidermidis and Salmonella typhi. The antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion method.ResultsAll tested bacterial strains were most susceptible to the garlic aqueous extract and showed poor susceptibility to the ginger aqueous extract. The (minimum inhibitory concentration) MIC of different bacterial species varied from 0.05 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml.ConclusionIn the light of several socioeconomic factors of Pakistan mainly poverty and poor hygienic condition, present study encourages the use of spices as alternative or supplementary medicine to reduce the burden of high cost, side effects and progressively increasing drug resistance of pathogens.

An unusual formation of the median and musculocutaneous nerves was observed during routine dissection of the left upper limb of a 60-year-old Caucasian male cadaver. The median nerve was formed by the fusion of three roots, two from the lateral and one from the medial cord of the brachial plexus. The variant lateral root of the median nerve followed an anomalous course, crossing anterior to the distal part of the axillary artery. Moreover, in the distal half of the arm, the median nerve contributed a communicating branch to the musculocutaneous nerve. Injury to such a variant median nerve in the proximal arm may lead to paresthesia along the preaxial border of the forearm, weakness of elbow flexion, in addition to other manifestations of median nerve injury. The developmental and clinical significance of this anomaly is discussed.

Despite strongly held views in the literature concerning the relative effectiveness and safety of flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty, no significant differences were detected 1 year postoperatively.

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We report a very low incidence of ESRD among patients with childhood-onset diabetes in Norway. The risk was lower in women compared with men and in individuals in whom diabetes was diagnosed at a younger age.

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Objectives: We aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding coronavirus in a sample of the general Pakistani population. Methods: This survey was carried out through The University of Faisalabad (TUF), Pakistan, between February 2020 to April 2020. The questionnaire was circulated on various online platforms to gather information. The data was analyzed on SPSS-22. Results: Out of 2121 respondents [13.7% were male, and 86.3% were females], 7.4% were married, 4.5% had a high income, 5.8% had fewer family members. COVID-19 knowledge scores were significantly low in < 21 years age group as compared to 21 to 25 (p < 0.001) and >25 years age group (p < 0.001). The males, married community, high income people, few family members had significantly higher coronavirus knowledge than respective groups (p = 0.033; p = 0.001; p < 0.001; p = 0.042, respectively). Conclusion: Our findings suggest knowledge score among our study population was not up to the mark. However, a positive correlation between the correct knowledge and appropriate attitude and practice was found among study participants. Older age groups and the group of high income were associated with adequate knowledge scores.