Neonatal diabetes is estimated to affect 1 in every 95,000 to 1 in every 400,000 live births. Male and female infants are equally affected by the disease, which has been recorded in all ethnic groups. Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes that develops within the first six months of life. Insulin is a hormone that aids in the production of energy in our cells. This condition causes infants to produce insufficient insulin, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Therefore, it is very important to design a testing device that can monitor premature babies indicating symptoms of diabetes. Recognizing the signs of diabetes in an infant might be difficult because diabetes in babies is not common. Frequent wet diapers, a high appetite, dehydration, and weight loss are all signs of neonatal diabetes. Once you have diabetes, you're used to having to take tests to monitor your condition. Conventionally invasive methods are used to check neonatal diabetes which is a painful procedure for infants as it requires prinking to draw blood several times per day. Therefore, this paper aims to design a non-invasive testing design for neonatal diabetes that is not painful to babies. There are several non-invasive ways to test blood glucose levels; urine, sweat, and saliva. Urine tests can be used to detect glucose levels in urine and check for the presence of ketones. The presence of ketone above the threshold indicates a high blood glucose level of over 300ml/dL. Sweat is also used to test diabetes. Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) is caused by high blood sugar levels, and it indicates that blood sugar control has to be tightened. Saliva is a new medium to measure blood glucose levels and research is going on its use to measure diabetes. Previous research has found a strong relationship between blood glucose levels and saliva glucose levels. In this paper, saliva is used as a non-invasive method to measure neonatal diabetes. Saliva containing glucose is collected and treated with glucose oxidase. H2O2 produced during this reaction is further treated and an optical sensor along with a microcontroller is used to measure the concentration of blood glucose. The expected results based on the study indicate the amount of glucose in the saliva increases in proportion to the amount of glucose in the blood and confirms the relationship between glucose concentrations in the blood and saliva, implying that the proposed design can take the place of the existing devices. However, more tests should be carried out to improve the efficacy of the proposed design for detecting glucose in saliva.
In hospitals the monitoring of patient is usually done manually with the help of nursing staff for 24 x 7. The availability of nursing staff to monitor the health of critically ill patients or new born infant is very difficult task and requires a lot of man power. In case, of absence or delay the health of patient can become critical and can be fatal. In order to solve this many wireless technologies have been proposed to monitor the patient’s condition using different sensors but these wireless schemes are harmful for patients/infants and can even interface with medical devices. In order to develop hospital friendly monitoring system, Li-Fi based health monitoring-based system has been proposed which measure the heart rate, temperature and motion in case of infants and the data is continuously displayed on LCD. In case of any abnormalities, the relevant staff will be notified.
Solar-Powered Smart Irrigation System (SPSIS) is a solution to many problems of the agricultural system. In this work, a solar-powered smart irrigation solution is proposed for the farmers of Pakistan facing energy crises. The proposed smart irrigation system is powered by renewable solar energy, which is equipped with solar panel modules to convert sunlight into electrical energy. Arduino microcontroller-based system is designed for automatic operation of the complete system. Due to the automatic working of the proposed system, it will be better than a conventional irrigation system in terms of human effort, time, water and energy consumption to operate the irrigation system. The proposed Solar-Powered Smart Irrigation System (SPSIS) does not rely on grid power due to its self-energy production using solar power, resulting in a significant reduction of power usage from grid power. The proposed SPSIS is equipped with multiple input soil moisture sensors, which measure the humidity of the soil. SPSIS is also equipped with a monitoring setup to intimate the farmers about the water level in the field and the irrigation status of the field. Furthermore, SPSIS is also equipped with an automatic spray system to prevent weeds, insects and pests in the crops. Additionally, a GSM Module has also been added to the overall system for the intimation/controlling of the irrigation process through text messages. Such an implementation of a solar-powered smart irrigation system with additional features of automatic spray and monitoring and control using GSM will be highly beneficial for the formers in terms of power, efforts and resources required for irrigation, spray and monitoring of the crop.
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