Abstract. Ali MS, Arifin HS, Nurhayati. 2021. Urbanization level and its effect on the structure and function of homegarden (pekarangan) vegetation in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 173-183. Urbanization occurs in West Java Province, Indonesia is currently reducing the ecological value of Indonesian pekarangan or homegardens by decreasing the average area of homegarden and the diversity and abundance of vegetation in them. One study site was in Bogor District, i.e. Selahuni 2, Ciomas Rahayu Village. Four sites in Bogor City, i.e. Sirnagalih-Pagentongan in Loji Village, Tegal Gundil Lama and Tegal Gundil Baru settlements in Tegal Gundil Village, and Baranangsiang Indah Settlement in Katulampa Village. One study site in Cianjur District, i.e. Cibakung Hamlet in Selajambe Village. The objective of this paper is to show the level of urbanization in each area of studies analyzed by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and the dynamics of homegarden vegetation by comparing data from 1998, 2007, and 2019. The results showed that the levels of urbanization in the six study sites were moderately urbanized and highly urbanized. Homegarden dynamics occurred in the direction of changing homegarden area and the number of species and individuals of plants there. The dynamics of the homegarden due to urbanization have increased the composition of non-ornamental species, mostly fruit plants in all research sites in 2019.
Urbanization and fragmentation are the main factors causing dynamics in the pekarangan. The dynamics that occur are related to the structure and function of the pekarangan. This makes the pekarangan performance changes according to the interference of the pekarangan owner. Selahuni 2 Homlet, Ciomas Rahayu Village, Bogor has become the location for observing the dynamics of the past two decades. Pekarangan samples taken in 2019 are exactly the same as those taken in 1998 and 2007, totaling 10 houses. The aim is to determine the extent of changes that occur in the pekarangan, both structure and function. Measuring the area, ownership of the pekarangan, recording of species and function of the existing vegetation of the pekarangan. In 2019, data on ownership of houses and pekarangans by old owners dropped dramatically by only 40%. In 2019, the average pekarangan area will decrease by an average area of 110.81 m2. In 1998, 2007 and 2019, the percentage of the number of non-ornamental plant species was 4-10% higher than that of ornamental plants. Therefore, there was a change in both the extent and ownership, function and structure of the vegetation in the Selahuni 2 Homlet’s pekarangan which was caused by urbanization and fragmentation factors.
The research results in the last two decades show the important role of pekarangan as a micro-scale landscape unit in providing space for growing various types of plants, i.e., multi-layers from the grasses to the trees, livestock, and fish. Pekarangan is defined with distinctive spatial patterns and elements as a representation of the harmonious relationship between the owner and the ecological character. Perceptions and preferences based on different social, cultural, and environmental factors shape the pekarangan pattern and function to become more diverse as a form of community local wisdom. The important role of pekarangan needs to be deeper elaborated in efforts to increase community immunity during the Covid-19 pandemic. Pekarangan has great potential to be developed as a mitigation and rehabilitation space by providing a variety of medicinal plants as well as outdoor activity spaces with a healthy environment quality. This research was designed for three years with three main approaches: (1) inductive method, which focuses on building theory from practices that have been known and carried out for generations, (2) implementation as an effort to actualize local knowledge, (3) multiplicative for the benefit of the important value of pekarangan. Studies start from basic research of pekarangan; research on the development of spatial planning and elements forming pekarangan; research on nutritional content contributed from pekarangan products. Data were obtained through pekarangan mapping, structured questionnaires at four selected locations in Cisadane, Citarum, Kali Progo, and Brantas Watersheds. The results of this research are expected to be implemented in public spaces on a meso scale and macro scales.
Pekarangan as one of the potential natural resources and closest to the family can be the right and strategic choice to be used in realizing family-scale food resiliency. The research was conducted in Transmigration area of East Lampung from June 2021 to December 2021. The determination of the pekarangan sample by purposive sampling was carried out on four transmigration ethnics, i.e., the Javanese (100 samples), the Sundanese (100 samples), the Balinese (100 samples) , and the Madurese (13 population), as well as local transmigration, i.e., the Lampungnese (100 samples). Pekarangan model is determined from species diversities on agroforestry system and its plant multistorey condition. The results of identification found three agroforestry systems as a pekarangan model, i.e., the agroforest system (Maduranese pekarangan), agrosilvopastoral (Balinese, Javanese, and Lampungnese pekarangans), and agrosilvopastoralfishery (Sundanese pekarangan). Each agroforestry system contributed to food sources by 54.54% (agroforest), 46.15% to 65.51% (agrosilvopastoral), and 89.28% (agrosilvopastoralfishery).
Pekarangan is a typical Indonesian home garden. This article aimed to look at biophysical conditions of pekarangan between Sundanese migrants and non-migrants. A total of 40 pekarangans in Selajambe and Ciomas Rahayu villages, West Java, were chosen as representative locations for the Sundanese non-migrant population (native Sundanese), and 40 pekarangans in Tegal Yoso and Tanjung Kesuma villages, Lampung, were chosen as representatives of the Sundanese migrant population. Research has been carried out in the period 2019–2021. To measure the biophysical conditions of pekarangans, we analyzed the pekarangan area, pekarangan size, number of species and individual of pekarangan plants, vertical diversity and horizontal diversity of plants, and the relationship between the pekarangan area and number of species and individual plants. The results showed that the difference in conditions of the pekarangan was indicated by the difference in the area and size but not by the diversity of the plants. Both types of pekarangans have the same level of diversity, as indicated by the number of individual plants that are almost the same in number per 100 m2. In addition, a strong and positive correlation (0.69–0.88) between the area of pekarangan and the number of individual plants indicated that the small to medium size or large pekarangan sizes had almost the same diversity of plants. The difference lied in the type of plant that is cultivated. Migrant pekarangans are dominant in cultivating food crops, while non-migrant pekarangans are dominant in cultivating ornamental plants. The selection of plants that have important and valuable functions can be a solution in maintaining the area of the pekarangan. Choosing plants with a variety of functions can be an option for a small to medium pekarangan size. To improve the biophysical conditions of the pekarangan was also inseparable from the involvement of economic, social, and cultural aspects in the pekarangan.
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