The present study focuses the synthesis of polyaniline nanoparticles (PANP) by rapid mixing polymerization method. They were recognized by FTIR and SEM techniques. Moreover they were utilized for the removal of Crystal Violet (CV) dye by ultrasonicated adsorption process. It ensures a quick alternative method compared to other conventional processes, which led to enhancement of mass transfer by ultrasound waves. The effectiveness of the process was confirmed through the effect of certain conditions like sonication time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and CV concentrations. The validity of the process was estimated by various adsorption isotherms. Kinetics and thermodynamic studies was also conducted to authenticate the process. The optimum operating parameters (OOP) were evaluated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) for the removal of CV dye. Moreover analysis of variances (ANOVA) was employed to estimate the significance of experimental variables. The predicated removal efficiency was found to be 94.29% which prove to be effectiveness of the process.
In the present studies the Ag-Cr-AC nanocomposites were synthesized by Azadirachta indica leaves extract. They were inoculated on the amorphous surface of activated carbon. The surface morphology and structural identification was determined by SEM, FTIR and XRD techniques. The simultaneous removal of binary dye system of Reactive Red and Crystal Violet were performed by ultrasonicated assisted adsorption process utilizing Ag-Cr-AC nanocomposites. Central Composite Design (CCD) having 5 factors of time, pH, amount of Ag-Cr-AC (adsorbent), concentrations of Reactive Red (RR) and Crystal Violet (CV) was employed. Response Surface Methodology was applied to study the Optimum Operating Parameters (OOP) for the adsorption process. The current studies showed that they can be efficiently employed to remove the coloured effluent from aqueous media as the simultaneous removal of dyes was observed to be 64.92% and 82.47% for RR and CV dyes respectively. Adsorption equilibrium was studied by Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Temkin and Harkins-Jura Isotherm Models. The Langmuir isotherm was observed to be followed by the RR-Ag-Cr-AC system while CV-Ag-Cr-AC followed Harkins-Jura Isotherm model. For the binary system, the removal of CV and RR dyes by the nanocomposites obeyed Harkins-Jura model at temperature of 40°C. Thermodynamics studies affirmed the spontaneous nature of adsorption process. pH was evaluated to be 6.29. The purification cost per cubic meter of the effluent was evaluated to be US$ 85.08. The proposed method might prove to be an efficient and cost effective way to eradicate color from the binary mixture of RR and CV dyes.
The contemporary problems concerning water purification could be resolved by using nanosorbents. The present studies emphasis on the synthesis of γ-FeO-activated carbon nanocomposites (γ-FeO-NP-AC) by sol-gel method. The composition and surface morphology of them were studied by FTIR, EDS, SEM and XRD techniques. Moreover they were employed for the selective removal of binary mixture of dyes including reactive red 223 dye (RR) and Malachite Green dye (MG) by ultrasonic assisted adsorption method. Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in the sample. The ultrasonic frequencies (>20kHz) were used to agitate experimental solutions in current studies. The response surface methodology based on 5 factorial central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the optimum parameters of adsorption. The optimum operating parameters (OOP) including sonication time, solution pH, amount of adsorbent, concentration of RR and MG were estimated for the selective removal of mixture of dyes. On OOP conditions of RR, the % removal of RR and MG were observed to be 92.12% and 10.05% respectively. While at OOP of MG, the % removal of MG and RR were observed to be 85.32% and 32.13% from the mixture respectively. Moreover the mechanisms of adsorption of RR and MG on the γ-FeO-NP-AC were also illustrated. The significance of the RR-γ-FeO-NP-AC and MG-γ-FeO-NP-AC adsorption models was affirmed by ANOVA test. The Pareto plots for the selective removal of the RR and MG from the binary mixture also confirm the significance of the factors. Isothermal studies were performed and RR adsorption was observed to follow Langmuir isotherm model whereas MG adsorption was observed to follow Freundlich model. Thermodynamic studies were conducted and the outcomes suggested the spontaneous nature of adsorption processes. The kinetic models were employed to study the kinetics of the process. It was observed that the system followed pseudo second order, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich models as represented by the R values of the respective models. The comparative study from the previously studies revealed that the proposed method is amongst them is the most efficient method to eliminate RR and MG dyes from the aqueous medium. Therefore the current study will be useful in reducing the toxicity of RR and MG contaminated effluent.
Environmental pollution has exacerbated the availability of clean water to mankind. In this study, Azadirachta indica leaf extract was used for sustainable synthesis of Fe–Zn nanocomposites (IZNC). The instrumental techniques of Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the structural and chemical composition. The overall surface was mildly acidic in nature, as the pHPZC was observed to be 6.00. The ultrasonicated adsorption experiments were designed by central composite design (CCD). The best responses, which proposed a contaminants removal of 80.39%, were assessed using the response surface methodology (RSM). By repeating experimental runs at the expected optimum operating parameters (OOP), the method was experimentally affirmed with the %mean error and %RSD9 being 2.695% and 1.648%, respectively. The interaction of CV dye and the nanocomposite showed tremendous adsorption efficiency towards crystal violet (CV) dye, as revealed by isotherm studies. Fitting kinetics and isotherm models were affirmed by root mean square error (RMSE), χ2, and a Pearson regression coefficient. Thermodynamic studies proved spontaneity of the CV dye adsorption over the nanocomposites. The values for ΔGo, ΔHo, and ΔSo were observed to be −1.089 kJ/mol, 28.59 kJ/mol, and −3.546 kJ/mol, respectively. Recovery of CV dye was carried out in a variety of media, including NaOH, NaCl, and CH3COOH. The maximum CV recovery was achieved in an acidic media. The robustness of adsorption was affirmed by the interference of various matrix ions, including KCl, LiCl, NaCl, and MgCl2, which did not significantly affect the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at a low concentration of LiCl. The results show that a green synthesis approach for nanocomposite synthesis might be an effective and economical way to remove organic contaminants from wastewater. Moreover, it is also effective for effluent treatment plants (ETP) for waste management purposes, in which it may be coupled with chlorine as a disinfectant to purify water that can be used for domestic and irrigation purposes.
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