Works on the construction of the foundation pit for the dam of the Kurpsa hydroelectric station began following the completion of the temporary diversion tunnel and damming the Naryn River [i].After the rock was excavated in the side cuts for the dam, excavation began in the channel part of the pit, where in an extremely short time (1.5-2 months) it was required to excavate about 60,000 m 3 of earth. The dimensions of the dam pit are: width ii0 m and length 90 m. Immediately adjacent to it is the ll0gm wide, ll5-m-long foundation pit for the powerhouse.Upper Carboniferous flysch deposits, represented by interstratified sanastones of strength group VIII with respect to the Construction Norms and Regulations (SNIP) (up to 75%) and argillites of group VII (up to 25%) occur in the base of the pits. The rock surface in the channel is uneven. There were a largenumber of grooves and individual depressions filled with fluvial deposits with various particles sizes. The thickness of the alluvial deposits reached 5 m.The foundation rocks were broken by various tectonic joint systems and bedding joints. With respect to the degree of fracturing the rocks belong to the II category (severely fractured, medium-block) according to the provisional classification [2]. The rocks in the channel are severely waterlogged. There was flowing water (recharge from the upper pool) in the rock mass over the entire section being excavated. The plan of the pits is shown in Fig. i. The contract design called for loosening the near-contour layer by 105-mm-diameter borehole charges with a 1.5 m-thick protective layer being left. The protective layer was to be finished in two levels: the upper 1-m-thick level with loosening by means of blasthole charges with manual pneumatic drilling and the lower 0.5-m-thick level by means of picks.However, it was impossible to accomplish the design scheme, since even in stretches of the river where the rock outcropped the blastholes and even the 105-mm-diameter boreholes, drilled by rigs with a submersible compressed-air drill (NKR-100M), after extracting the drilling tool either collapsed or were very quickly filled with sand and cuttings owing to the strong inflow of water. An intense technology of excavation with loosening of the rocks by charges of 130-mm-diameter sticks of explosives in holes bored by BTS-150 rigs was developed.To protect the base of the pit from destruction the holes were drilled short so that the boundary of the explosive disturbance of the natural state of the mass did not exceed the limits of the design outlines of the pit.The size of the zone of disturbance was determined by the method developed at the AllUnion Trust for Special Hydraulic Engineering Works (Gidrospetsproekt) [311 The calculated depth of the zone of penetration of blast deformations into the mass was 12 charge diameters. In conformity with this, the bottom of the charges was 1.5 m from the base. To determine more accurately the effect of the explosion into the mass, experimental clearing to the undamaged rock was perfor...
This paper discusses the social dialects of children and parents in the children's short stories in Bobo magazine. Humans often use language variations in the form of social dialects to mark their membership in certain social groups and to express their social identity. This also occurs in the social dialects of children and parents in short stories for children. However, this type of social dialect has never been studied by previous researchers because they mostly discuss regional dialects in literary works or social dialects of adult short stories. This research thus aims at finding out the form of social dialect between children and their parents in children's short stories in Bobo Magazine and also investigating the use of social dialects between children and their parents. Using qualitative content analysis, it was found that the dialect variations were manifested morphologically, syntactically, and lexically. Whereas the uses of social dialects in Bobo magazine were motivated by four aspects, namely: participants, settings, topics, and functions. Further studies on social dialect between children and parents might be expanded to data containing sounds as found in soap operas and films so as to make the four types of variations proposed equally observable.
This research aims to explicate the characteristics of speech production of a child with Down Syndrome in Taman ABEKA Bhakti Luhur Foundation Malang. The data were elicited through casual conversation (unstructured interview) with the subject and prompting pictures specifically prepared to prompt the subject to produce utterances. The Levelt's (1989) model of speech production and Miller's (1988) language production of children with Down syndrome were employed to help analyze the data qualitatively. The result shows that there are two types among exactly four types of speech impairments proposed by Miller (1988) exhibited by the down syndrome child, namely hesitations and unclear pronunciations. Firstly, hesitations were found in both sessions. From the parts of casual conversation and prompting session, it can be concluded that the subject exhibited hesitation when he spoke longer utterances. Secondly, the subject also produced unclear pronunciations in casual conversation session while producing utterances with the voiceless bilabial stop /p/
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.