Genetic polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters may influence drug response. The frequency varies substantially between ethnicities thus having implications on appropriate selection and dosage of various drugs in different populations. The distribution of genetic polymorphisms in healthy Pakistanis has so far not been described. In this study, 155 healthy adults (98 females) were included from all districts of Karachi. DNA was extracted from saliva and genotyped for relevant SNVs in CYP 1 A1, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 as well as ALDH3A1, GSTA1, ABCB1 and ABCC2 . About 64% of the participants were born to parents who were unrelated to each other. There was generally a higher prevalence (p < 0.05) of variant alleles of CYP450 1A2, 2B6, 2C19, 3A5, ALDH3A1, GSTM1 as well as ABCB1 and ABCC2 in this study cohort than in other ethnicities reported in the HapMap database. In contrast, the prevalence of variant alleles was lower in GSTA1 . Therefore, in the Pakistani population sample from Karachi a significantly different prevalence of variant drug metabolizing enzymes and ABC transporters was observed as compared to other ethnicities, which could have putative clinical consequences on drug efficacy and safety.
Objective: To determine plasma adiponectin and leptin levels in subjects with and without ischemic heart disease (IHD) and to find the correlation between leptin, adiponectin to the number of coronary vessels disease-using angiography.Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted Ziauddin University. 80 subjects were recruited who were undergoing angiography. Height, weight, Waist and hip circumference were measured. BMI and WHR were calculated accordingly. Venous blood was drawn to measure adiponectin and leptin using ELISA.Results: Leptin to adiponectin ratio (LA ratio) was significantly increased in three and two vessel disease compared with single vessel and non-significant groups.Conclusion: The study shows that adiponectin decreases and leptin increases in multivessel disease. LA ratio has been found to correlate well in two and more than two vessel disease.
Objective: To illustrate congenital cystic lesions of the extra hepatic biliary tract on the idea of information of embryologic development through the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Methods: Patients that were suspected to have been suffering from biliary disease were referred to the MRI units, there the patients were narrowed done to confirm with the inclusion and exclusion cri- teria, thereafter written and informed consent was obtained from them and the procedure was ex- plained to them in detail. MRCP was performed on a 1.5 Tesla in MR unit, using phased-array coil for signal detection. Heavily T2 weighted images were obtained with SSF-SE technique. The axial sec- tions were used for pancreatic and bile ducts whereas the coronal sections were used for the pancreatobiliary tract, axial and coronal source images and reformatted images were evaluated to- gether for the possibility of any anomaly in extra hepatic biliary tract. This was an observational, cross sectional, prospective study with a sample size of 377 patients. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 16. Results: Choledochal cyst was found in 11 of the 377 patients with a gender separate frequency of 6 out of 196 females and 5 out of 181 males, with a total frequency of 2.9% and a p-value at <0.001 which was significant. Conclusion: By identifying the inherent anomalies that present themselves during the visualization of the biliary tract through MRCP and MRI, while coupled with information regarding the clinical signifi- cance of every entity, is vital for establishing an accurate diagnosis and in guiding acceptable clinical intervention and management.
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the perception of faculty of undergraduate medical and dental programmes in various private and public sector institutes regarding their Readiness, Attitude and Institutional support for developing high-quality one-best MCQs.Methods: A validated questionnaire was designed for recording demographic data and responses related to Readiness, Attitude and Institutional support based on 5-point Likert scale and multiple options. Scores for items on Likert scale were categorised (Readiness: poor 0-12, good 13-24, Attitude: negative 0-12, positive 13-24, Institutional support: no support 0-12, highly supportive 13-24). The individual and overall scores related to Readiness, Attitude and Institutional support were compared to demographic characteristics using Independent samples and Paired samples t-test as appropriate. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25.0. P-value of <0.05 (twosided) was considered significant.Results: With a response rate of 87.5%, the mean scores for Institutional support were higher (14.45 AE 4.73) compared to those for Readiness (13.39 AE 4.51) and Attitude (12.54 AE 4.59). Responses to multiple choice items revealed that faculty considered MCQ writing workshops to be effective while facing most difficulty in formulating scenario and homogenous options. Most faculty reported no commitment issues but desired on-job protected time for item development. No significant association was found between the scores and age group, gender, qualification, institute type, department and designation of participants. Conclusion:Overall, the faculty were found to be motivated and committed to developing high-quality one-best MCQs. With continued institutional support, faculty can be expected to further engage in writing such items.
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