Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder generally characterized by symptoms associated with mood, pleasure and effectiveness in daily life activities. MDD is ranked as a major contributor to worldwide disability. The complex pathogenesis of MDD is not yet understood, and this is a major cause of failure to develop new therapies and MDD recurrence. Here we summarize the literature on existing hypotheses about the pathophysiological mechanisms of MDD. We describe the different approaches undertaken to understand the molecular mechanism of MDD using genetic data. Hundreds of loci have now been identified by large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We describe these studies and how they have provided information on the biological processes, cell types, tissues and druggable targets that are enriched for MDD risk genes. We detail our understanding of the genetic correlations and causal relationships between MDD and many psychiatric and non-psychiatric disorders and traits. We highlight the challenges associated with genetic studies, including the complexity of MDD genetics in diverse populations and the need for a study of rare variants and new studies of gene-environment interactions.
Sortilin-related vacuolar protein sorting 10 (VPS10) domain containing receptor 3 (SORCS3) is a neuron-specific transmembrane protein involved in the trafficking of proteins between intracellular vesicles and the plasma membrane. Genetic variation at SORCS3 is associated with multiple neuropsychiatric disorders and behavioural phenotypes. Here, we undertake a systematic search of published genome-wide association studies to identify and catalogue associations between SORCS3 and brain-related disorders and traits. We also generate a SORCS3 gene-set based on protein–protein interactions and investigate the contribution of this gene-set to the heritability of these phenotypes and its overlap with synaptic biology. Analysis of association signals at SORSC3 showed individual SNPs to be associated with multiple neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental brain-related disorders and traits that have an impact on the experience of feeling, emotion or mood or cognitive function, while multiple LD-independent SNPs were associated with the same phenotypes. Across these SNPs, alleles associated with the more favourable outcomes for each phenotype (e.g., decreased risk of neuropsychiatric illness) were associated with increased expression of the SORCS3 gene. The SORCS3 gene-set was enriched for heritability contributing to schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BPD), intelligence (IQ) and education attainment (EA). Eleven genes from the SORCS3 gene-set were associated with more than one of these phenotypes at the genome-wide level, with RBFOX1 associated with SCZ, IQ and EA. Functional annotation revealed that the SORCS3 gene-set is enriched for multiple ontologies related to the structure and function of synapses. Overall, we find many independent association signals at SORCS3 with brain-related disorders and traits, with the effect possibly mediated by reduced gene expression, resulting in a negative impact on synaptic function.
Abstract Introduction: Educational environment or learning environment is a context in which teaching, training and grooming of post graduate residents occurs. Surgical specialty as a whole and operating rooms in particular are very important in terms teaching and training. Perception of residents as to this learning environment is quite vital to their learning and should be assessed objectively to identify weak and strong areas of the environment. The Surgical Theatre Educational Environment Measures (STEEM) questionnaire is an instrument that can be used to assess perception of residents about learning environment in operation theatre. Objective: To evaluate the perception of surgical post-graduate residents about their learning environment in operating rooms and compare this perception among different strata of residents as to age, gender, and year of residency. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at The Children’s Hospital & The Institute of Child Health Lahore. STEEM questionnaire was used to check the perceptions of educational environment in surgical theatres. This study was carried out from July 2019 to September 2019. A total of 62 surgical residents were given printed questionnaire after informed consent. The data was analyzed through SPSS V24 and descriptive and inferential analyses performed. Results: Out of 62 surgical residents, 61 responded (Response rate 98.3%). Mean age of residents was 29.27 years (±2.37); 45 residents were male whereas 16 were females (2.8:1). Majority of residents were from 3rd (34.4%) and 4th (21.3%) year of their residency. The total mean score was 147.66 (±18.57). No difference in mean scores were found as to age and sex of participants; whereas, responses were statistically more positive for residents in their first year or fifth year of their residency. Overall 53 residents gave favorable/positive response. Conclusion: Overall residents had good perception about their training and supervisors, learning opportunities in operation theatre, atmosphere in operation theatre, and supervision being provided to them. Key words STEEM, Surgical, Perception, Surgical residents, Learning environment, Operation theatre learning.
Abstract. A groupoid G whose elements satisfy the left invertive law: (ab)c = (cb)a is known as Abel-Grassman's groupoid (AG-groupoid). It is a nonassociative algebraic structure midway between a groupoid and a commutative semigroup. In this note, we show that if G is a finite AG-groupoid with a left zero then, under certain conditions, G without the left zero element is a commutative group.2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 20N99. 1.Preliminaries. An Abel-Grassman's groupoid [6], abbreviated as AG-groupoid, is a groupoid G whose elements satisfy the left invertive law: (ab)c = (cb)a. It is also called a left almost semigroup [2,3,4,5]. In [1], the same structure is called left invertive groupoid. In this note we call it AG-groupoid.It is a nonassociative algebraic structure midway between a groupoid and a commutative semigroup. The structure is medial [5], that is, (ab)(cd) = (ac)(bd) for all a, b, c, d ∈ G. It has been shown in [5] that if an AG-groupoid contains a left identity then it is unique. It has been proved also that an AG-groupoid with right identity is a commutative monoid, that is, a semigroup with identity element. An element a 0 ofLet a, b, c, and d belong to an AG-groupoid with left identity and ab = cd. Then it has been shown in [5] In this note, we show that if G is a finite AG-groupoid with left identity and a left zero a 0 , under certain conditions G\{a 0 } is a commutative group without a left zero. Results.We need the following theorem from [4] for our main result. We now state and prove our main result. Proof. Suppose that G = {a 0 ,a 1 ,...,a m }, where m is a positive integer, is an AGgroupoid with left identity under the binary operation (•). Let e be the identity element of G. It is certainly different from a 0 because of (ii) and because a 0 is the left zero under (•). The left invertive law together with (iv) implies that (aNow consider the subset G 0 of G which is obtained from it by deleting a 0 , so that Because of (iii), equation (2.3) and the facts that a −1 r is the inverse of a r under ( * ). Proof. The proof is analogous to the proof of Theorem 2.2.Acknowledgement. The authors are grateful to the referee for his invaluable suggestions.
Prison is a place for rehabilitation of offenders in every country of the world. The present study has tried to explore the present-day situation of the prison system of Pakistan and discuss its overcrowding condition in all four provinces. There are total 120 prisons in the country which hold authorized space for not more than 57,712 prisoners, but the number of inmates is 77,275, which is far away from the authorized space. This congested prison system not only creates hurdles in rehabilitation of prisoners but makes them more criminal by mixing of low and high frequency offenders. It also leads to various health and behavioral problems. Rehabilitation is only possible if there is balance in authorized and available prisoners in the prisons. The present article has come up with some viable suggestion for concerned authorities that can better perform their duty in eradication of this problem. The authors discussed the role of parole and probation officers in the elimination of these numbers in prison. The majority of the prisoners in our prisons are under-trail, thus the role of the judiciary has also been explored in balancing the incarceration ratio in prisons. Keywords: Prison System, Overcrowded Prisons, Parole and Probation, Judiciary, Courts, Pakistan
The current research was conducted in Dara Adam Khel, Pakistan to explore the structure and procedure of the informal social justice system- commonly known as Jirga. The war on terror made it imperious for tribal Pakhtuns to bring back their chaotic lives on the right track to achieve economic prosperity and peace in the region. Pakhtuns residing in Pakistan have been suffering from this tempestuous situation since decades. Terrorism has brought the social structure to standstill. Due to the war on terror, the Jirga system has experienced a serious setback. The Jirga system has served the Pakhtun society as a complete code of conduct in maintaining peace and harmony. The data was collected through Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews and In-Depth Interviews. Majority of the respondents were aged between 45 to 70 years and they were selected through purposive sampling technique.
In this paper, using N -structure, the notion of an N -ideal in a BE-algebra is introduced. Conditions for an N -structure to be an N -ideal are provided. To obtain a more general form of an N -ideal, a point N -structure which is (k conditionally) employed in an N -structure is proposed. Using these notions, the concept of an ( [e], [e] ∨ [c k ])-ideal is introduced and related properties are investigated. ([e], [e]∨[c k ])-ideal is a generalized form of ([e], [e]∨ [c])-ideal. Characterizations of ([e], [e] ∨ [c k ])-ideals are discussed.
The curriculum is the most grounded device to transmit and transform the way of life, values, and convictions of the society to the students. At the point the children enter the school, the pictures of the male and female depicted in books, solidify their ideas about gender bias and such gender stereotypes shape the mental framework of the students and leave an everlasting effect on the social outlook of the students. Children develop a certain sense of perception and personality while reading such books. The text, words, and pictures in the books leave a permanent blueprint in their mind and they organize their behavior along the patriarchal line, represented in the books. In the textbooks, male-dominant ideology has been used to construct reality in such a way that serves the interest of men in a society. There is a latent and manifest nexus of power and language which favors the patriarchal values. Gender ideologies apparent in the books are also embedded in children's pictures, mass media, and even clothing. There are also more males characters and heroes than females characters and heroes in the textbooks of Urdu and English. All prominent leaders of the Pakistan movement are males and only one female leader, Fatimah Jinnah, has representation in the books but that too in her capacity as sister of the founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
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