Grayscale lithography allows the creation of micrometer-scale features with spatially controlled height in a process that is fully compatible with standard lithography. Here, solid immersion lenses are demonstrated in silicon carbide using a fabrication protocol combining grayscale lithography and hard-mask techniques to allow nearly hemispherical lenses of 5μm radius to be etched into the substrate. Lens performance was benchmarked by studying the enhancement obtained in the optical collection efficiency for single quantum emitters hosted in silicon carbide. Enhancement by a factor of 4.4 ± 1.0 was measured for emitters not registered to the center of the lens, consistent with devices fabricated through other methods. The grayscale hard-mask technique is highly reproducible, scalable, and compatible with CMOS technology, and device aspect ratios can be tuned after resist patterning by controlling the chemistry of the subsequent dry etch. These results provide a reproducible, low-cost, high-throughput and industrially relevant alternative to focused ion beam milling for the creation of high-aspect-ratio, rounded microstructures for quantum technology, and microphotonic applications.
Quantum sensors can potentially achieve the Heisenberg limit of sensitivity over a large dynamic range using quantum algorithms. The adaptive phase estimation algorithm (PEA) is one example that was proven to achieve such high sensitivities with single-shot readout (SSR) sensors. However, using the adaptive PEA on a non-SSR sensor is not trivial due to the low contrast nature of the measurement. The standard approach to account for the averaged nature of the measurement in this PEA algorithm is to use a method based on `majority voting'. Although it is easy to implement, this method is more prone to mistakes due to noise in the measurement. To reduce these mistakes, a binomial distribution technique from a batch selection was recently shown theoretically to be superior, as all ranges of outcomes from an averaged measurement are considered. Here we apply, for the first time, real-time non-adaptive PEA on a non-SSR sensor with the binomial distribution approach. We compare the mean square error of the binomial distribution method to the majority-voting approach using the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond at ambient conditions as a non-SSR sensor. Our results suggest that the binomial distribution approach achieves better accuracy with the same sensing times. To further shorten the sensing time, we propose an adaptive algorithm that controls the readout phase and, therefore, the measurement basis set. We show by numerical simulation that adding the adaptive protocol can further improve the accuracy in a future real-time experiment.
A substitution box (S-Box) is a crucial component of contemporary cryptosystems that provide data protection in block ciphers. At the moment, chaotic maps are being created and extensively used to generate these S-Boxes as a chaotic map assists in providing disorder and resistance to combat cryptanalytical attempts. In this paper, the construction of a dynamic S-Box using a cipher key is proposed using a novel chaotic map and an innovative tweaking approach. The projected chaotic map and the proposed tweak approach are presented for the first time and the use of parameters in their working makes both of these dynamic in nature. The tweak approach employs cubic polynomials while permuting the values of an initial S-Box to enhance its cryptographic fort. Values of the parameters are provided using the cipher key and a small variation in values of these parameters results in a completely different unique S-Box. Comparative analysis and exploration confirmed that the projected chaotic map exhibits a significant amount of chaotic complexity. The security assessment in terms of bijectivity, nonlinearity, bits independence, strict avalanche, linear approximation probability, and differential probability criteria are utilized to critically investigate the effectiveness of the proposed S-Box against several assaults. The proposed S-Box's cryptographic performance is comparable to those of recently projected S-Boxes for its adaption in real-world security applications. The comparative scrutiny pacifies the genuine potential of the proposed S-Box in terms of its applicability for data security.
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