Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in vitreous and serum samples, analyze the ratio, and compare among proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) subgroups. Patients and Methods: This study included 17 eyes of patients with PDR, identified as the PDR group which was divided into three subgroups (vitreous hemorrhage [VH], VH with fibrotic tissues, and tractional retinal detachment), and five control eyes (nucleus and intraocular lens drop). Vitreous and serum samples were obtained on the same day. The VEGF-A and PDGF-AB concentrations were calculated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The VEGF-A and PDGF-AB concentrations in vitreous samples were significantly higher in the PDR group (630.72 ± 342.81 pg/mL) compared with those in the control group (153.58 ± 145.85 pg/mL); however, they were not detected in serum samples. The vitreous/ serum ratio of the VEGF-A concentration in the PDR group (2.1 ± 1.8) was significantly higher compared with that in the control group (0.31 ± 0.33). The VEGF-A concentrations in vitreous samples were highest in the VH group and lowest in the VH with fibrotic tissue subgroup (mean difference 536.16 pg/mL). The vitreous VEGF-A/PDGF-AB concentration ratios were also significantly different among the PDR subgroups. Conclusion: High concentrations of VEGF and PDGF in vitreous samples of PDR eyes indicate its local related activity in PDR pathology. There is a possibility of PDGF involvement in the pathogenesis of PDR. The VEGF/PDGF concentration ratios possibly play a significant role in the formation of fibrotic tissue in PDR.

IntroductionProptosis in children with acute-onset accompanied by signs of inflammation is commonly caused by orbital cellulitis, however, the possibility of rhabdomyosarcoma should always be considered by the clinician. This is a case report of a five-year-old boy presenting with an acute-onset of proptosis without a history of trauma and systemic infection. Our clinical differential diagnosis included orbital cellulitis and orbital rhabdomyosarcoma.PurposeTo report a case of orbital cellulitis that clinically and radiologically mimics rhabdomyosarcoma.Case presentationA five-year-old boy presented with rapid-onset proptosis, periorbital edema, pain and visual loss in the left eye for two weeks without a history of trauma, upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis or immunosuppression. Our clinical differential diagnosis includes rhabdomyosarcoma and orbital cellulitis. Complete blood count reveals a leukocytosis. Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scan shows lesions involving the lateral orbit and the retro bulbar space. Antibiotics combination and adjunct anti-inflammatory intravenously shows excellent clinical resolution.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates difficulty in differentiating acute orbital cellulitis from rhabdomyosarcoma based on clinical findings. In addition, the case highlights that antibiotic combination of cephalosporin and aminoglycosides together with an adjuvant corticosteroid as an anti-inflammatory was effective in the case of acute orbital cellulitis.

Purpose To determine the effectiveness of iridectomy, capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy through the anterior chamber to treat misdirection syndrome in pseudophakic nanophthalmic eyes. Methods This was a non-comparative study of seven nanophthalmic eyes from four consecutive patients. All eyes developed misdirection syndrome after successful cataract surgery. Treatment for misdirection syndrome involved capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy through a peripheral iridectomy from the anterior chamber using a 25-gauge vitreous cutter. The best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure and anterior and posterior segment findings were recorded before and after surgery. Results Resolution of the aqueous misdirection was achieved in all but one eye. The single case of recurrence was observed after a mean follow-up of 45.6 ± 21.5 months and was caused by closure of the capsule hole by Elschnig's pearls. This eye was successfully treated by enlargement of the lens capsule hole with a vitreous cutter. The mean intraocular pressure before surgery was 28.7 ± 4.4 mmHg, and this was significantly reduced to 13.7 ± 1.3 mmHg at the final visit. All but one patient, who had uveal effusion, maintained their best-corrected visual acuity. Conclusion In this study, we investigated an alternative option for the treatment of misdirection syndrome in nanophthalmic eyes. We undertook a lens capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy through a peripheral iridectomy from the anterior chamber using a 25-gauge vitreous cutter, which was able to create a communication hole between the anterior and posterior chambers.

Lifestyle factors may be associated with the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in addition to demographic and genetic factors. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to elucidate the association between nutrient intake and AMD in the Japanese-American population living in Los Angeles. We conducted a medical survey of Japanese immigrants and their descendants living in Los Angeles, including interviews on dietary habits, fundus photography, and physical examinations. Participants were classified into early AMD and control groups on the basis of fundus photographic findings. Consequently, among the 555 participants, 111 (20.0%) were diagnosed with early AMD. There were no late-stage AMD participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the intake of animal fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA) was positively associated with early AMD (P for trend = 0.01 for animal fat, P for trend = 0.02 for SFA), and the intake of vegetable fat, total carbohydrate, simple carbohydrate, sugar, and fructose was inversely associated with early AMD (P for trend = 0.04 for vegetable fat, P for trend = 0.046 for carbohydrate, P for trend = 0.03 for simple carbohydrate, P for trend = 0.046 for sugar, P for trend = 0.02). Our findings suggest that excessive animal fat and SFA intake increases the risk for early AMD in Japanese-Americans whose lifestyles have been westernized.

PurposeRipasudil is a novel Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor that is used to treat ocular hypertension. However, the comparison of the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects between ripasudil alone and other ocular hypotensive drugs has not been studied thoroughly. The purpose of this study is to examine the ocular hypotensive effects of 0.4% ripasudil, 2% pilocarpine, 0.5% timolol and 0.1% dorzolamide in rabbits. We also studied the IOP changes when 0.4% ripasudil was combined with 2% pilocarpine, 0.5% timolol or 0.1% dorzolamide.MethodsOne drop of saline solution, 0.4% ripasudil, 0.5% timolol, 2% pilocarpine or 1% dorzolamide or a combination of these agents was applied topically to the left eyes of eight healthy albino rabbits. Posttreatment changes in the IOP of albino rabbits were monitored using a rebound tonometer over a 5-h time course. Changes in IOP after application of saline served as the control. One-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s post hoc tests were used for statistical analyses.ResultsAfter topical instillation, 0.4% ripasudil resulted in significant decreases in IOP at 0.5 and 1 h compared with the control group. Treatment with timolol, pilocarpine or dorzolamide had no significant effect on IOP. Treatment with timolol, pilocarpine or dorzolamide in combination with ripasudil resulted in significant reductions in IOP at 1 h. However, none of these agents enhanced the IOP-lowering effects of ripasudil.ConclusionRipasudil has stronger IOP-lowering effects than timolol, pilocarpine or dorzolamide hypotensive agents in our rabbit model. Addition of timolol, pilocarpine or dorzolamide did not enhance the IOP-lowering effects of ripasudil alone.

IntroductionThe retinal vasculature, a surrogate for the systemic microvasculature, can be observed non-invasively, providing an opportunity to examine the effects of modifiable factors, such as nutrient intake, on microcirculation. We aimed to investigate the possible associations of dietary nutrient intake with the retinal vessel caliber.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 584 participants in a medical survey of Japanese descendants living in Los Angeles in 2015 underwent a dietary assessment, fundus photographic examination, and comprehensive physical and blood examinations. Retinal vessel caliber was measured using fundus photographs with a semi-automated computer system and summarized as central retinal artery and vein equivalents (CRAE and CRVE). The association between dietary nutrient intake and retinal vessel caliber was analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model adjusted for two models including potential confounders. The first model was adjusted for age and sex. The second model was adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, history of coronary heart disease, and history of stroke.ResultsAfter adjustment of potential confounders, compared to the quartile with the lowest intake, the difference in CRVE for the highest quartile was −5.33 μm [95% confidence interval (CI): −9.91 to −0.76, P for trend = 0.02] for vitamin A, −4.93 μm (95% CI: −9.54 to −0.32, P for trend = 0.02) for vitamin C and −3.90 μm (95% CI: −8.48 to 0.69, P for trend = 0.04) for potassium.ConclusionsA significant association was observed between higher vitamins A, C and potassium intakes and narrower retinal venular caliber.