Methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of pine nuts were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and inhibition of alpha‐amylase activities. Pine nut extracts were orally administered to alloxan monohydrate‐induced diabetes in mice at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg. Both extracts showed a significant antioxidant and inhibition of alpha‐amylase activities. Animal studies showed a decline in fasting blood glucose, hyperlipidemia, and weight loss in diabetic mice. The administration of plant extracts decreased the blood glucose level during the oral glucose tolerance test. Histopathological examination showed a decrease in alloxan‐induced lesions in the pancreas, liver, and kidney of animals treated with pine nut extracts. Furthermore, pine nut extract ameliorated oxidative stress‐induced hepatotoxicity in diabetic mice. The presence of quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, m‐coumaric acid, and other phenolic compounds might be related to hypoglycemic, alpha‐amylase inhibitory, antioxidant, and antihyperlipidemic potential of pine nut extracts. Practical applications Dry fruits are rich in dietary nutrients, minerals, and phytochemicals that can be used to treat and prevent lifestyle disease. Pine nuts are edible and have economic importance in addition to several traditional uses such as diuretic, antiseptic, expectorant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihypertensive, and antineuralgic properties. This study was conducted to investigate the pine nut extracts for their antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials using in vitro methods and animal disease model. The findings of the present study suggest that the extracts of Pine nuts may be helpful in treating hyperglycemia during diabetes and prevent its complications such as hepatic damage, nephrotoxicity, weight loss, and hyperlipidemia.

Fumaria officinalis belongs to family papaveraceae and is traditionally used to treat hypertension, hepatitis and diabetes. The current study was conducted to evaluate in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of Fumaria officinalis. Aerial parts of the plant were sequentially extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and water. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on all extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition method. In vitro alpha-amylase inhibitory activity was performed on all extracts by using dinitrosalicylic acid. Effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of F. officinalis on blood glucose was evaluated in normo-glycaemic rats and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Glimepiride 0.2 mg/kg was used as standard therapy in diabetic rats. Results showed that methanolic extract exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of DPPH (86.30%) and alpha-amylase inhibition (94.01%) at 500 µg/ml and 16 mg/ml concentration respectively. Administration in normo-glycaemic rats did not show any significant decrease in blood glucose level at 500 and 750 mg/kg dosage. Aqueous and methanolic extracts exhibited a significant hypoglycaemic effect (p˂0.05) at all doses. A significant increase in the body weight and an improvement in liver and kidney function tests of diabetic rats were observed. These extracts also reduced the damage to the cells of glomeruli, interstitial inflammation, necrosis of tubular cells and thrombosis in the kidney, the enlargement of sinusoids and steatosis in the liver of diabetic rats. This study concludes that F. officinalis may have antidiabetic potential possibly due to its antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities.

Background: Folkloric profile of Delonix regia demonstrates its use in the management of diabetes. Objective: Present study was conducted to evaluate the antidiabetic potential, improvement in oxidative stress along with safety profile of the aerial part extracts of Delonix regia. Methods: Phytochemical screening, total phenolic, flavonoid contents along with in-vitro antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory activity was determined. HPLC analysis, acute toxicity, glucose tolerance, in-vivo antidiabetic effect along with influence on biochemical, oxidative stress parameters and comet assay of active extract was performed. Results: Total phenolic (831.6±0.002 mg/g GAE) and flavonoid (361.4±0.002 mg/g QE) contents were found to be higher in methanolic extract. inhibitory concentration IC50 exhibits better results for methanolic extract in DPPH (47.6µg/mL) and alpha amylase inhibitory (14.61µg/mL) assays. HPLC analysis of methanolic extract confirmed the presence of quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumeric acid. Acute oral toxicity exhibits no mortality and morbidity during 24h period. Methanolic extract exhibits better tolerance to glucose. Streptozotocin-nicotinamide (55-110 mg/kg) induced hyperglycemia declined along with improvement in hematological, biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, H202) in a dose dependent manner. Maximum effect was recorded at 500mg/kg dose. Comet assay was performed for genotoxic studies and it was observed that methanolic extract of Delonix regia showed maximum genoprotective effect at 100µg/mL. Conclusions: The findings suggest that methanolic aerial part extract exhibits hypoglycemic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity. Antidiabetic effect was comparable to glibenclamide suggesting its therapeutic use as a natural antidiabetic remedy.

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