Learning style is the composite of cognitive, affective, and physiological characteristics that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts and responds to the learning environment. Felder – Solomon Index of Learning Style (ILS) includes Sensitive/Intuitive, Visual/Verbal and Sequential/ Global, Active/reflective. The learning strategies are a major indicator of exam performance of students.Objective: To find the association between academiclearning strategies and annual examination results among medical students of King Edward Medical University.Study Design: Cross – sectional study design.Study Setting and Duration: King Edward Medical University and 3 months.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among the 3rd, 4th, and 5th year medical students of KEMU Lahore. Informed consent was taken. A total of 300 students, 100 each from 3rd, 4th and 5th year were taken. 132 males (44%) and 168 females (56%) were part of the study. Simple Random sampling (non-pro-bability sampling) was used.Results: The overall dominant learning strategies among students of King Edward Medical University were sensing/SNS (64.3%), visual/VIS (80.7%), sequential/SEQ (63.7%) and Active/ACT (50.3%). Chi squared test for individual learning combinations against achiever types showed no significant association between academic learning strategies and annual exam performance (p value > 0.05). Results also showed that females performed better academically than their male counterparts.
Esophageal leukoplakia or epidermoid metaplasia is a rare lesion resembling the commonly found oral leukoplakia. When found, it is typically seen incidentally on endoscopy as a white plaque but rarely it may present as a globus sensation. Histologically, it is seen as epidermal metaplasia with orthokeratosis, closely resembling the skin. Although rare, esophageal leukoplakia is precancerous and may pose a serious threat.
We present a unique case of a 61-year-old male with a history of COPD, tobacco, and alcohol dependence presenting with a six-month history of nausea and emesis resulting in poor oral intake despite having an appetite. The patient also reported weight loss. Considering his risk factors for esophageal carcinoma and alarm symptoms, an upper endoscopy was performed that revealed localized white, plaque-like mucosal changes characterized by altered texture in the lower third of the esophagus at 40cm. Biopsy results showed squamous epithelium with orthokeratosis and a prominent granular cell layer. These findings were consistent with esophageal epidermoid metaplasia. The lesion was ablated using argon plasma coagulation and radiofrequency ablation on subsequent endoscopy. The patient reported continued resolution of symptoms with each treatment session.
Esophageal leukoplakia may increase the risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and should be followed closely. Guidelines on surveillance are yet to be established given the rarity of the disease.
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