Squamocin is one of the annonaceous acetogenins produced by the Annonaceae family and displays potent anti-cancer activity against cancer cell lines. This study aimed to investigate the growth inhibition activity of squamocin coupled with nanodiamond on rats (Rattus norvegicus)-induced breast cancer. Twenty-five female R. norvegicus were divided into five groups (n = 5), including normal control (without any treatment), negative control, group treated with nanodiamond only (ND), group treated with squamocin only (SQ), and the group treated with squamocin coupled with nanodiamond (NDSQ). All of the animal models were induced for breast cancer, except for the normal control group. Breast cancer induction was performed using two doses of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) injection (50 and 30 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally and waited for 22 weeks until the tumor was detected to formed. Nanodiamond coupled with squamocin were administered by intraperitoneal injection (1.5 mg/kg body weight) for 5 weeks, one injection per 3 days. This study showed that the treatment with squamocin coupled with nanodiamond (NDSQ) significantly reduced the proliferation (Ki-67) and induced apoptosis (Caspase-3) of breast cancer cells, corresponding to the reduction of the thickness of the mammary ductal epithelium (p<0.001) and the lower level of CA-153 in serum. In addition, the treatment significantly reduced the malondioldehyde (MDA) and PI3KCA and increased the p53 level significantly. Altogether, in this study, we are the first to report the anti-cancer activity of squamocin in rat-induced breast cancer and the potency of nanodiamond as a carrier of squamocin to increase its anti-cancer activity.
Imatinib and nilotinib are first-line treatments for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, which act specifically against target cells. However, these drugs may cause side effects, such as electrolyte disturbances. This literature review aimed to provide a comparison of the effects of imatinib and nilotinib on blood potassium and calcium levels. It also summarized their hypothetical mechanism. A comprehensive electronic search of the different databases was conducted using "chronic myeloid leukemia”, “tyrosine kinase inhibitors”, “imatinib”, “nilotinib”, “potassium”, “calcium”, “electrolytes” as keywords. This review used Pubmed-MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar as electronic databases. Related 16 articles published from 2006 to 2020 were reviewed. Changes in blood potassium levels range from increased to decreased levels, while changes in blood calcium levels tend to below the normal value. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), including imatinib and nilotinib, have a non-specific target, namely platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), which indirectly affects blood potassium and calcium levels in CML patients. The clinical manifestations of these changes vary from being visible only in laboratory tests to displaying a variety of signs and symptoms.
Breast cancer is the most common malignancies among woman in Indonesian. One of breast cancer treatment is chemotherapy which resist cancer’s cells to grow. But chemotherapy also cause DNA damage that interfere lymphocyte proliferation. Depletion on lymphocyte counts will increased patient’s susceptibility to opportunistic infection. The aim of this research was to knowing the difference of lymphocyte counts because of chemotherapy on breast cancer patients in general hospital Ulin Banjarmasin. This research was an observational analytic with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique was non-probability sampling followed by consecutive sampling. Total samples were 61 patients that match with inclusion criteria. Paired T-test was used to analyze the hypothesis with the result of pvalue=0.000 (ρ<0.05), that means there’s a significant decrease in the number of lymphocyte counts after receiving chemotherapy in general hospital Ulin Banjarmasin, January 2014 to December 2015 period. Keywords: chemotherapy, lymphocyte, breast cancer
One of the most widely used anticoagulants for a complete blood count is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP) may be caused by EDTA, this condition may lead to inappropriate diagnosis and treatment. We report a 25-year-old female with unspecific headache and joint pain with very low platelet count since 1 month before hospital admission. She was diagnosed with Dengue fever infection and got some platelet transfusion from the previous secondary hospital. She was carried out for a blood test with another anticoagulant (sodium citrate) and bone marrow aspiration. The results showed that she had normal platelet count and bone marrow cellularity. When a patient was identified with thrombocytopenia without any bleeding manifestation, hematology disease, and family history, PTCP should be taken into consideration to prevent unnecessary intervention. Keywords: platelet, pseudothrombocytopenia, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Dengue fever
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