We have measured the photoabsorption spectra of Pb II and Bi III in the wavelength range between 37 and 70 nm. A number of features in the spectra have been identified with the aid of the Cowan suite of atomic codes. 5d → 6p transitions from the ground configuration (5d106s26p) and three excited configurations (5d106s26d, 5d106s27s, 5d106s6p2) give rise to the most prominent features in the measured spectra. Evidence of excited states including (5d106s6p2 (4P3/2, 4D3/2)) for Pb II and (5d106s6p2 (4P1/2, 4P3/2)) for Bi III was observed in our measurements.

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Steel impacts a variety of industries such as construction, automotive and ship building. The physical properties of steel (e.g., hardness, weldability) are significantly affected by the concentration of carbon. Hence,...

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In this reply, we address the comments made by A N Ryabtsev on our paper (H Lu et al 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 115001). Specifically, we emphasize that the observed spectra depend critically on the plasma source type and conditions that pertain in the source. Our source of ions and experimental setup/method are quite different to the one referred to in the comment (A N Ryabtsev et al 2000 Opt. Spectrosc. 88 316–20). So there is no doubt that our spectra contain evidence of photoabsorption from low-lying excited states, and their inclusion is necessary, in order to account for the observed spectral distributions.