The present study is focused on formation evaluation of the Lockhart Limestone in two wells (Meyal-05P and Meyal-10P) located in Northern Deformed Potwar Zone of the Potwar sub-basin, Pakistan. The geological formations ranging from Triassic to Pliocene have been drilled in these wells. The formation evaluation of the Lockhart Limestone mainly involves reservoir potential evaluation, interpretation of depositional environment and transgressive-regressive sequences using petrophysical logs. In either wells, the reservoir characterization is steered by various petrophysical parameters including calculation of volume of shale, porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon saturation. The thickness of the Lockhart Limestone is 50 m and 77 m in the Meyal-05P and Meyal-10P wells, respectively. In Meyal-05P and Meyal-10P wells, the average petrophysical parameters values and ranges are given as follows: volume of shale 48% and 20%; density porosity 1-5.6% and 1-31.7%; neutron porosity 1-23% and 1-42.9%; sonic porosity 1-29% and 1-39%; effective porosity < 1-> 5% and 1-21%; and hydrocarbon saturation 92.21-99.8% and 97-99.6%. The petrophysical parameters indicate that the Lockhart Limestone of Meyal-10P well is quantitatively better reservoir than that of the Meyal-05P. In Lockhart Limestone of either wells, the permeability is < 0.1 mD. The bulk volume water deciphered the presence of vuggy and intercrystalline porosity in the Lockhart Limestone. Similarly, the lithological interpretation using logs shows mainly limestone with minor shales. Different electrofacies are interpreted from the log trends of gamma ray log such as aggrading, prograding and retrograding depositional sequences deposited in tidal channel fill, shallow water, shore line and offshore buildup and regressive-totransgressive shore face depositional setting.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Organic geochemical and palynofacies analyses were carried out on shale intervals of the Late Paleocene Patala Formation at Nammal Gorge Section, western Salt Range, Pakistan. The total organic carbon content and Rock-Eval pyrolysis results indicated that the formation is dominated by type II and type III kerogens. Rock-Eval T max vs. hydrogen index (HI) and thermal alteration index indicated that the analysed shale intervals present in the formation are thermally mature. S 1 and S 2 yields showed poor source rock potential for the formation. Three palynofacies assemblages including palynofacies-1, palynofacies-2 and palynofacies-3 were identified, which are prone to dry gas, wet gas and oil generation, respectively. The palynofacies assessment revealed the presence of oil/gas and gas prone type II and type III kerogens in the formation and their deposition on proximal shelf with suboxic to anoxic conditions. The kerogen macerals are dominated by vitrinite and amorphinite with minor inertinite and liptinite. The kerogen macerals are of both marine and terrestrial origin, deposited on a shallow shelf. Overall, the dark black carbonaceous shales present within the formation act as a source rock for hydrocarbons with poor-to-moderate source rock quality, while the grey shales act as a poor source rock for hydrocarbon generation.

No abstract

In this article, authors proposed a computational model based on cubic trigonometric B-spline collocation method to solve Hunter Saxton equation. The nonlinear second order partial differential equation arises in modeling of nematic liquid crystals and describes some aspects of orientation wave. The problem is decomposed into system of linear equations using cubic trigonometric B-spline collocation method with quasilinearization. To show the efficiency of the proposed method, two numerical examples have been tested for different values of t. The results are described using error tables and graphs and compared with the results existed in literature. It is evident that results are in good agreement with analytical solution and better than Arbabi, Nazari, and Davishi, Optik 127, 5255–5258 (2016). In current problem, it is also observed that the cubic trigonometric B-spline gives better results as compared to cubic B-spline.

In this research, we have studied the convergence properties of Double Elzaki transformation and the results have been presented in the form of theorems on convergence, absolute convergence and uniform convergence of Double Elzaki transformation. The Double Elzaki transform of double Integral has also been discussed for integral evaluation. Finally, we have solved a Volterra integro-partial differential equation by using Double Elzaki transformation.