The use of cheaper alternative such as waste cooking oil as substitute to vegetable oil can reduce the overall production cost of biodiesel. This research focuses on the investigation of the kinetic of waste cooking oil methanolysis using heterogeneous waste catalyst. Fish bone waste was used as the catalyst for the methanolysis of waste cooking oil. The kinetic data obtained from this study can be used to optimize the process of biodiesel production. The effects of temperature and catalyst amount were varied between 50-65 °C and 4-10 wt % respectively. The kinetic of transesterification of waste oil, the reaction rate constant (k) and activation energy (EA) at 55, 65 and 65 °C were determined. The highest yield of biodiesel, 86 % were achieved at 6 wt% of catalyst amount, mixing of 300 rpm, methanol to oil ratio of 18:1 and reaction temperature of 65 °C. The activation energy (Ea) was 34.12 kJ/mol. This study also proves that transesterification process is not affected by the internal mass transfer due to the Thiele modulus value between 0-1.69.
The preliminary discussion of this short essay focuses on some of Islām’s intellectual and civilisational contributions in a historical region of Central Asia called Khurāsān. As a starting point, it mentions a number of hadīths (sayings from the Prophet Muḥammad) and athār (sayings of the Holy Prophet’s Companions and their followers) that impute to this region some eschatological importance as well as matters pertaining to the legal aspect of the religion, especially from Muslim Sunnī perspective. As a preliminary discussion and in a non-exhaustive manner, the writing highlights and evaluates a number of important Muslim figures that have emerged from that region along with their respective intellectual and cultural contributions to human civilisation as materialisation of the religion’s aspirations arising from collective understanding of its worldview.
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