Objective: We propose a novel iterative-optimizationinspired direct targeting strategy (DTS) for smart nanosystems, which harness swarms of externally manipulable nanoswimmers assembled by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for knowledgeaided tumor sensitization and targeting. We aim to demonstrate through computational experiments that the proposed DTS can significantly enhance the accumulation of MNPs in the tumor site, which serve as a contrast agent in various medical imaging modalities, by using the shortest possible physiological routes and with minimal systemic exposure.Methods: The epicenter of a tumor corresponds to the global maximum of an externally measurable objective function associated with an in vivo tumor-triggered biophysical gradient; the domain of the objective function is the tissue region at a high risk of malignancy; swarms of externally controllable magnetic nanoswimmers for tumor sensitization are modeled as the guess inputs. The objective function may be resulted from a passive phenomenon such as reduced blood flow or increased kurtosis of microvasculature due to tumor angiogenesis; otherwise, the objective function may involve an active phenomenon such as the fibrin formed during the coagulation cascade activated by tumortargeted "activator" nanoparticles. Subsequently, the DTS can be interpreted from the iterative optimization perspective: guess inputs (i.e., swarms of nanoswimmers) are continuously updated according to the gradient of the objective function in order to find the optimum (i.e., tumor) by moving through the domain (i.e., tissue under screening). Along this line of thought, we propose the computational model based on the gradient descent (GD) iterative method to describe the GD-inspired DTS, which takes into account the realistic in vivo propagation scenario of nanoswimmers.Results: By means of computational experiments, we show that the GD-inspired DTS yields higher probabilities of tumor sensitization and more significant dose accumulation compared to the "brute-force" search, which corresponds to the systemic targeting scenario where drug nanoparticles attempt to target a tumor by enumerating all possible pathways in the complex vascular network.Conclusion: The knowledge-aided DTS has potential to enhance the tumor sensitization and targeting performance remarkably by exploiting the externally measurable, tumor-triggered biophysical gradients.Significance: We believe that this work motivates a novel biosensing-by-learning framework facilitated by externally manipulable, smart nanosystems.
Drowning is the leading cause of injury or death for children and teenagers. Designing a drowning detection device by implementing an Internet of Thing (IoT) is needed. An Early Drowning Detection System (EDDS) is a system that gives an early alarm to the guardians (parents and lifeguard) if the detector triggered an abnormal heartbeat and the victims are submerged under the water for a long time. A microcontroller was used to control the signal received from a pulse sensor and time for the signal lost under the water before it is transmitted to the access point. The access point acts as a data forwarding to the database via an internet connection. Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) 433MHz radio frequency transceiver has been used to create the wireless communication between drowning detection device and monitoring hub. A triggered warning signal will be transmitted to the guardians via Android apps and web page.
Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) important to enhance the widely use of the application of the Internet of things (IoT) for underwater. Uses of the acoustics base of wave propagations are the best ways to establish the UWSN. But the unpracticality of the hardware due to the size and cost has limited the application of UWSN. Radio frequency (RF) wave propagation is the best way to overcome this situation. Low frequency of the RF wave is proven feasible and suitable for underwater communication. 433 MHz RF were chosen to measuring the underwater received power behavior between the transmitter node and receiver node based on different distance and depth. HC12 transceiver module was used as a transmitter and spectrum analyzer with the telescopic antenna was used as a receiver. The received power give a good reading when the transmitter note was at 0.5-meter depth with a maximum operating range within 12 meters from the receiver.
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