The development of nanocellulose has attracted significant interest in the last few decades due to its unique and potentially useful features. Novel nanocelluloses boost the strongly expanding field of sustainable materials and nanocomposites. Their potential areas of application include reinforcing agents in nanocomposites, paper, biodegradable films, barriers for packaging, stabilizing agents in dispersions for technical films and membranes, additives in food, texturing agents in cosmetics, and medical devices such as wound dressings and bioactive implants. This review organizes current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated and nanofibrillated cellulose from plant sources. Details of the extraction of fibrils from cellulose are reviewed. In addition, the terms cellulose "microfiber" and cellulose "nanofiber" are formally defined and distinguished.

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This article is based on the mathematical model constructed to analyze the simultaneous flow and heat transfer of two nanoliquids (Casson and Williamson) in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms and cubic autocatalysis chemical reaction through a porous medium under the potentiality of buoyancy forces. Heterogeneous reaction existing on the surface is described by isothermal cubic autocatalytic chemical reaction, whereas homogeneous reaction is taking place at far field described by first-order kinetics. Similarity transformations are used to get the different order differential equations from the governing equations which are solved via an efficient technique namely homotopy analysis method. The effects of all the non-dimensional parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration, and density of motile microorganisms are shown through graphs and elucidated. Velocity increases with the Weissenberg parameter and decreases with the Casson nanofluid parameter in the presence of magnetic field and porous medium. Temperature decreases with the high values of slip condition. The dual behavior of concentration profile for the strength of homogeneous reaction parameter is observed. Flow of microorganisms decreases based on the parameters of porous medium, magnetic field, and heterogeneous chemical reaction. There exists an excellent agreement between the present and published work.

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The study was carried out to see prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) specific cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular events among patients with Chronic Kidney Disease stage-V (CKD-V) before starting dialysis therapy in the department of Nephrology of National Institute of Kidney Diseases & Urology (NIKDU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Among CKD specific cardiovascular risk factors, anemia showed the highest prevalence (96.7%) in study population. More than fifty percent of CKD-V patients had both hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia. Calcium-Phosphate Product (CaXP) was elevated among 23 percent of the population. C-reactive protein, an acute phase protein was positive in 78% of CKD-V patients. Besides, among traditional risk factors, Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus were present in 83.3% and 23% of the study population respectively. The prevalence of cardiovascular events among CKD-V patients showed that 18.3% had ischemic heart disease, 38% heart failure, 4.7% arrhythmia and 9% left ventricular hypertrophy. Females were significantly prone to develop cardiovascular events than their male counterpart (p=0.028). Diabetes was significantly higher in patients with cardiovascular complications than in patients without cardiovascular complications (p=0.021).

Asphalt binders play an important role in the rutting performance of road pavements, and therefore their characterization is crucial in preventing this type of distress. Several studies have been carried out to replace the G*/sinδ Superpave criteria which was found to be inadequate to capture the anti-rutting potential of these materials. In this paper, a novel testing procedure combining single creep-recovery and multiple stress creep tests is proposed. Five asphalt binders of different type and origin were considered. For comparison purposes, two available standard methods, based on low shear viscosity and multiple stress creep recovery tests, were included in the study. Obtained experimental results indicated the effectiveness of the test method in highlighting fundamental material properties related to rutting, overcoming some of the drawbacks of existing standard protocols.

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