Purpose- This empirical study facet at Pakistan for the period between 1960 and 2017 in the connection between public investment, public capital stock, private investment, private capital stock, and real GDP. Design/Methodology- Using theoretical and empirical literature assessment, to measure the impact of private investment, private capital stock, government investment, and government capital stock on Pakistan's real gross domestic product, we involved the ARDL Bound tests. Findings- A positive and significant connection was revealed between government investment, a private capital stock with real GDP. Private investment showed a substantial but negative impact in the short run, despite capital stocks indicating a positive and insignificant relationship with Pakistan's RGDP. The long-term consequences showed that the government's capital stocks, public investment, private capital stocks, and RGDP from Pakistan are linked positively and significantly. Private investment, however, has shown harmful and detrimental or insignificant relations with Pakistan's RGDP. Practical Implications- Our study may benefit the Pakistani economy, particularly while useful for academics and researchers to understand the basic concept of 'capital-growth' philosophy.
The reason for our study was to determine the factors that influence the role of money demand in the Malaysian economy. We implicit various economic factors comprise real CPI, real interest rate, financial innovation, and real GDP and analyzed through implying ARDL Bound test for short-run and the long-run period over 1970-2018 time-series data. Based on empirical results, we revealed that over the short-run period, financial innovation having positive and significant while real GDP has a negative and significant relationship with real money demand function in Malaysia. The official real exchange rate has a positive and significant relationship with real money demand, with an increase of one unit in the real exchange rate, increasing the money demand function by 0.97 in the long term. More, negative and significant relationships revealed among real GDP and real money demand function which direct that by increase 1% change in real GDP direct to decrease in real money demand by 0.6395 in the Malaysian economy and finally real money demand predicted 13.0796 when all independent variable is zero in the Malaysian economy.
The fundamental aim of this study is to fetch out the influence of NODA (net official development assistance) and EDS (external debt stock) on GDP growth in South Asian and Southeast Asian designated economies over 1971 to 2019. This study refers to the Solow-Swan model of economic growth as hypothetical framework in its elementary sort and employ factors such as NODA, EDS, savings, capital, depreciation, governance, and in addition total natural resources rent as control variable. Using panel data sourced from WDI (world development indicators). This study employed various econometric techniques comprise FEM (fixed effect model), panel cointegration, panel dynamic least square (DOLS), and Granger causality test for desired regression estimations. Empirical estimations evident that EDS has a negative and significant impact on GDP growth whereas, NODA had a negative and insignificant impact on GDP growth. A positive and significant influence of savings on GDP growth observed and estimation confirm that by increasing 1% in savings may cause an increase in GDP growth by 13.19 units. Capital has a positive and significant impact on GDP growth and estimation outcomes confirm that an increase of 1% in capital may cause an increase of 10.14 units. A negative and significant impact of depreciation on GDP growth revealed and it is intended that increasing 1% in depreciation may cause a decrease in GDP growth by 5.26 units. A positive and significant impact of TNRR on GDP growth revealed and estimations confirm that an increase of 1% in total natural resource rent may cause an increase in GDP growth by 0.099 units. While, impact of governance on GDP growth revealed insignificant. Lastly, it is also endorsed that a uni-directional Granger causality runs from GDP growth to EDS, EDS to NODA, and no causal relationship has been confirmed between NODA and GDP growth in SA and SEA designated economies over 1971 to 2019.
This study investigates the relationship between employee performance at private universities in Lahore, Pakistan, and the extrinsic and intrinsic benefits that their employers provide them with. The empirical findings confirm that both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards have a positive and significant impact on employee performance for academic staff in private universities located in Lahore, Pakistan. The method of primary data study that we use allows us to collect the data using a questionnaire in a variety of private universities. Based on what we found, we think that it would be good for universities to offer incentives to their academic staff. These incentives could be either intrinsic or extrinsic, or they could be both.
The fundamental aim of this study is to fetch out the influence of NODA (net official development assistance) and EDS (external debt stock) on GDP growth in South Asian and Southeast Asian designated economies over 1971 to 2019. This study refers to the Solow-Swan model of economic growth as hypothetical framework in its elementary sort and employ factors such as NODA, EDS, savings, capital, depreciation, governance, and in addition total natural resources rent as control variable. Using panel data sourced from WDI (world development indicators). This study employed various econometric techniques comprise FEM (fixed effect model), panel cointegration, panel dynamic least square (DOLS), and Granger causality test for desired regression estimations. Empirical estimations evident that EDS has a negative and significant impact on GDP growth whereas, NODA had a negative and insignificant impact on GDP growth. A positive and significant influence of savings on GDP growth observed and estimation confirm that by increasing 1% in savings may cause an increase in GDP growth by 13.19 units. Capital has a positive and significant impact on GDP growth and estimation outcomes confirm that an increase of 1% in capital may cause an increase of 10.14 units. A negative and significant impact of depreciation on GDP growth revealed and it is intended that increasing 1% in depreciation may cause a decrease in GDP growth by 5.26 units. A positive and significant impact of TNRR on GDP growth revealed and estimations confirm that an increase of 1% in total natural resource rent may cause an increase in GDP growth by 0.099 units. While, impact of governance on GDP growth revealed insignificant. Lastly, it is also endorsed that a uni-directional Granger causality runs from GDP growth to EDS, EDS to NODA, and no causal relationship has been confirmed between NODA and GDP growth in SA and SEA designated economies over 1971 to 2019.
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