Phenol-formaldehyde resin has a wide range of moldings. The phenolic resin retains properties at the freezing point; hence, it is difficult to determine its age. However, it has immense consumption in manufacturing electrical equipment due to its insulating property. There are many types of topological indices such as degree-based topological indices, distance-based topological indices, etc. Topological indices correlate some physiochemical properties of chemical compounds. In this article, the degree-based topological indices of phenol-formaldehyde resin have been determined. Furthermore, the Revan index, hyper Revan index, modified Revan index, sum connectivity Revan index, harmonic Revan index, and inverse Revan index have been calculated.
Oxidative stress and DNA damage are considered as possible mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. To test this hypothesis, DNA damage and expression variations of aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 2a (OGG1-2a) genes was studied in a cohort of 100 exposed workers and 100 controls with comet assay and real-time polymerse chain reaction (PCR). Results indicated that increased number of comets was observed in exposed workers versus controls (p < 0.001). After qPCR analysis, significant down-regulation in ALAD (p < 0.0001), SOD2 (p < 0.0001), and OGG1-2a (p < 0.0001) level was observed in exposed workers versus controls. Additionally, a positive spearmen correlation was observed between ALAD versus SOD2 (r = 0.402**, p < 0.001), ALAD versus OGG1-2a (r = 0.235*, p < 0.05), and SOD2 versus OGG1-2a (r = 0.292*, p < 0.05). This study showed that lead exposure induces DNA damage, which is accompanied by an elevated intensity of oxidative stress and expression variation of lead-related gene.
Bacterial strains were obtained from wheat rhizosphere and screened for zinc solubilization on agar plates. Two strains FA-9 and FA-11 were found efficient for Zn solubilizing activity and were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter sp. by 16S rRNA and gyrase (gyrB) genes analysis, respectively. The strain FA-9 produced a clear zone diameter of 63 mm, 60 mm and 51 mm on agar plate amended with different zinc ores. The strain FA-11 produced a zone diameter of 17 mm with zinc carbonate and 20 mm with zinc oxide while no zone was observed with zinc phosphate. Both strains showed no visible activity with ZnS ore. Similarly, FA-9 and FA-11 increased maximum soluble zinc content (102 µg ml−1 and 45 µg ml−1) from zinc carbonate ore as compared to zinc oxide ore (102 µg ml−1 and 45 µg ml−1) in liquid broth. It was noted that both strains exhibited less potential (7 µg ml−1 and 0.57 µg ml−1) to solubilize ZnS ore in liquid broth. A comparison between agar plate assay and liquid broth quantification shows that agar plate assay does not present the solubilizing potential of ZSB precisely. The strains FA-9 and FA-11 produced auxin with l-tryptophan (3.25 µg ml−1 and 2.86 µg ml−1) and without l-tryptophan (1.23 µg ml−1 and 1.02 µg ml−1). Both strains expressed exo-polysaccharides (EPS) and siderophores activity along with phosphate (P) solubilization, ACC deaminase and antifungal activities. The ACC deaminase and N-fixation activity was confirmed by the amplification of acdS and nifH genes respectively.
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