This article reviews the relationship between inequality and social conflict in society. This literature review finds that there are at least four schools of thought in contemporary conflict theory that examine the relationship of inequality to conflict. The first is the flow of positive thought which includes the theory of structural conflict. Second is the flow of humanism thinking which consists of symbolic interactions and social construction theory. The third is the school of thought which consists of the thoughts of Jurgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu. And the last is a multi-disciplinary school built by Johan Galtung and Anthony Giddens. The four schools of thought develop classical conflict theory, especially Marx's thought that argues that economics is the only factor of conflict in society.
<p>Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki faktor-faktor penyebab konflik antara Islam mainstream dengan Ahmadiyah, resolusi konfliknya, peran SKB Tiga Menteri tahun 2008 dan Pergub tahun 2011 sebagai media resolusi konflik, dan respons terhadap SKB dan Pergub. Dalam tulisan ini ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor penyebab konflik bermula dari aspek teologis, kemudian berkembang menjadi aspek politik, ekonomi, sosial, ketidaktegasan pemerintah, Ahmadiyah eklusif dalam beribadah, dan pengaruh pemberitaan media massa. Resolusi konflik berupa non litigasi dilakukan melalui mediasi yang melibatkan aparat pemerintah, tokoh masyarakat, kepolisian, dan litigasi melalui proses peradilan. Ahmadiyah menganggap SKB dan Pergub tidak bisa berperan sebagai media resolusi konflik agama sehingga mereka menolak serta berusaha membatalkannya secara hukum. Sebaliknya, Islam mainstream menerima namun tetap menginginkan keluarnya Keppres atau Undang-Undang untuk mem- bubarkan Ahmadiyah. </p><p><br />Abstract: Religious Conflict and Its Resolution: A Sutdy of Ahmadiyah in Tasikmalaya, Weste Java. This writing is aimed at analyzing factors that underly conflicts between mainstream Islam and Ahmadiya, its resolution, the role of SKB Tiga Menteri of 2008 and Pergub 2011 as a media of conflict resolution, as well as the responese to the two statutes. The findings of this study reveal that the religious conflicts stem from theological aspects that extend to political, socio-economic, govern- ment’s inambiguity in implementing the regulation, Ahmadiya’s exclusiveness in their religious duties and the influence of media. Conflict resolution in non-litigation is carried out through mediation that involving the goverment’s apparatus and the police, and litigation via judicial process. Ahmadiya argues that SKB and Pergub are incapable of playing any role in resolving religious conflict and thus reject and try to revoke them judicially. Mainstream Islam, however, argues to the opposite and insists in issuance of President Act or statute to disperse Ahmadiya organization.</p><p><br />Kata Kunci: konflik agama, Ahmadiyah, SKB, Pergub, Tasikmalaya</p>
Humor is one of the characteristics of the Sundanese people in West Java. This is not only seen in their conversations about everyday matters but also about serious and sacred issues. They sometimes faced these sacred issues by remaining relaxed and laughing. This, for instance, can be seen in the figure of Haji Hasan Mustapa, a Great Penghulu of Kutaraja and Bandung during the Dutch colonial period. This study focuses on the 209 Sundanese anecdotes of Mustapa that his secretary, M. Wangsaatmaja, collected in Boekoe Singa-Bandoeng (1930) and Boekoe Dongeng djeung Tajarita Sadjarah(1932), as well as those collected by Mustapa's admirer, Ajip Rosidi, in Haji Hasan Mustapa's Jeung Karya-karyana(1989). By using the Adjidarma’s humor theory, which mentions three categories of humor: superiority, incongruity, and extrication, the results show that the incongruous humor category predominates in Mustapa's anecdotes. This can be seen in his incongruous expressions about the nature of God that are out of the ordinary. He did not show his superiority as a respected Dutch official, nor did he extricate himself from various tensions and obstacles. This generally relates to the low level of religious knowledge of his interlocutors. Mustapa’s answers were considered weird and out of the ordinary to them. Therefore, it is understandable that among the Sundanese, Mustapa is known as an eccentric ulama.
This article focuses on the construction of Islam-Sunda identity in West Java which is reflected in the rubric of the qur’ānic commentary or tafsīr in the Sundanese print media. My object matter is six Sundanese Islamic magazines published between 1930-2015, i.e. Tjahja Islam, Al-Imtisal, Al-Mawa'idz, Almoechtar, Iber and Bina Da’wah using the analysis of identity construction. Although Sundanese Muslims devided into traditionalist and modernist, I confirm that all Sundanese Islamic magazines show the local Islamic identity which is called as Islam-Sunda. The identity of Islam-Sunda in the magazine rubric of qur’ānic commentary can be seen at following aspects: the interpretation of surahs which have an important role in Sundanese daily life, the interpretation of Islamic stories, the use of Sundanese phrases that touch their hearts, the formation of a pious Sundanese personality and the involvement of Islamic scholars or ajengan as an exegete of the Qur’ān. This study asserts that the magazine rubric of qur’ān commentary is not only have a lot of Islamic messages, but also to be an expression of Islamic identity in Sundanese print media.الملخص: تركز هذه المقالة على بناء الهوية الإسلامية السونداوية في جاوة الغربية التي تنعكس في عناوين التفسير القرآن عن وسائل الإعلام المطبوعة السونداوية. والموضوع من ذلك هو ستة مجلات السونداوية نُشرت من خلال سنة ١٩٣٠-٢٠١٥، وهي: سحيا الإسلام (Cahya Islam)، والامتثال (al-Imtisal)، والمواعظ (Al-Mawa’idz)، والمختار (Almoechtar)، وإيبير (Iber)، وبينا دعوة (Bina Da’wah). فمن خلال تحليل البناء الهوية, أكد هذا البحث أنه على الرغم من وجود تنوع في الديانات الإسلامية في جاوة الغربية، بين التقليديين والحداثيين، إلا أنها جميعًا تظهر على نفس الهوية الإسلامية المحلية. وتلك الهوية تظهر في عناوين التفسير القرأن عن المجلات, مثل: التعريض تفاسيرالسورة الوظيفية في الحياة اليومية السونداوية، وتفسير الاية عن القصص الإسلامية، واستعمال العبارة السونداوية الإسلامية التي تتأثر الى القلب، ومهمة تشكيل الشخصية السونداوية الصالحة, وإشتراك اجانجان (ajengan) كالمفسر. وتدل هده على أن عناوين التفسير القرأن في المجلات لا تملأ بالرسائل الدينية فحسب، بل أنه كجزء من التعبير عن الهوية الإسلامية السونداوية في وسائل الإعلام المطبوعة.Abstrak: Artikel ini memfokuskan pada masalah konstruksi identitas Islam Sunda di Jawa Barat yang tercermin dalam rubrik tafsir Al-Qur’an di media cetak Sunda. Objeknya adalah enam majalah Sunda yang terbit antara tahun 1930-2015, yakni Tjahja Islam, Al-Imtisal, Al-Mawa’idz, Almoechtar, Iber dan Bina Da’wah. Melalui analisis konstruksi identitas, kajian ini menegaskan bahwa meski terdapat ragam keberagamaan Islam di Jawa Barat, antara tradisionalis dan modernis, tetapi semua menunjukkan identitas Islam lokal yang hampir sama, yakni konstruksi identitas Islam. Dalam rubrik tafsir Al-Qur’an, identitas tersebut bisa dilihat dalam sajian penafsiran surah-surah yang sangat fungsional dalam keseharian orang Sunda, tafsir kisah-kisah Islami, penggunaan ungkapan Sunda Islami yang mengena dalam hati, misi pembentukan pribadi Sunda yang saleh dan keterlibatan ajengan sebagai mufasir. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa rubrik tafsir di majalah tidak hanya sarat dengan pesan keagamaan, tetapi juga menjadi bagian dari ekspresi identitas Islam Sunda dalam media cetak.
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