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A significant increase is expected in video and multimedia traffic in Beyond 5G networks. The inclusion of a huge number of IoT nodes in Beyond 5G networks further complicates the design of such networks. These futuristic networks are expected to deal with this increased traffic and number of nodes while ensuring that network delays do not exceed a certain threshold. In such networks, Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning has become vital, not only to guarantee certain key performance indicators but also to improve user experience. This paper proposes a hybrid approach for end-to-end QoS provisioning, involving both clients and controllers to address these challenges. Each client tries to satisfy its own access QoS requirements by choosing optimal access device(s) and makes decisions based on locally available view. Controllers are then responsible for finding optimal paths in the core network to satisfy client core QoS requirements. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides better QoS guarantees than several other access device selection and routing schemes.

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Summary Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are a practical solution for traffic offloading from a high powered base station (HBS) to a low powered base station (LBS). In the HetNets, uplink (UL)–downlink (DL) decoupled access (UDDa) strategy is an optimal solution that ensures cell association, independently, in the UL and DL. This strategy offloads HBS cell edge mobile device (MD) to the nearby LBS in the UL. However, energy‐efficient cell association for traffic offloading from HBS to LBS, relay, or device to device (D2D) in the UL employing UDDa strategy has not been explored in the past work. We formulate mathematical models which ensure energy‐efficient cell association, power allocation, and traffic offloading employing traditional UL‐DL coupled access (UDCa) and UDDa strategies in the HetNets. The formulated problems are concave fractional programming (CFP) problems. The CFP is changed to a concave optimization problem using Charnes–Cooper transformation (CCT). The transformed problems are solved using an outer approximation algorithm to obtain ϵ=10−3 optimal solution. Simulation results show the effectiveness of UDDa strategy over UDCa strategy in terms of MDs association, traffic offloading in the UL and DL, interference mitigation in the UL, data rate, and energy efficiency in the HetNets.