SummaryWe have examined the relationships between positive and negative thinking and depression and anxiety. A total of 102 students have participated in this study. The Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire and Positive Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire were used to evaluate negative and positive thoughts, respectively. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess psychopathological states. Depression was correlated with negative thinking (r = 0.77; P < 0.01) and gender (r = 0.13; P < 0.05), and inversely correlated with positive thinking (r = −0.45; P < 0.01). Multiple linear regressions showed that both negative and positive thinking affected depression (F = 148.04 and F = 13.86, respectively; P < 0.01). Anxiety was correlated with negative thinking (r = 0.62; P < 0.01), and inversely correlated with positive thinking (r = −0.31; P < 0.01) and gender (r = −0.11; P < 0.05). Depressed, non-anxious participants had higher negative thinking scores (P < 0.05) than non-depressed, non-anxious subjects who had lower positive thinking scores (P < 0.05) than non-depressed, nonanxious ones. Depression and anxiety were explained by negative thinking more than positive thinking. A decrease in depression and anxiety could be linked to a decrease in negative * Corresponding author. MOTS CLÉSCognition ; Pensées négatives ; Pensée positive ; État psychopathologique ; Dépression ; Anxiété ; Thérapies comportementales et cognitives Résumé La dépression se caractérise par la présence de pensées négatives, sur soi, sur le monde et sur l'avenir, ce que Beck a appelé la triade cognitive. Les pensées automatiques négatives sont supposées jouer un rôle central dans le développement et la persistance de la dépression (Hollon et Kendall, 1980) et de l'anxiété (Hollon et Kendall, 1980 Sanne et al., 2012). Cependant, le rôle des pensées positives dans la dépression et l'anxiété n'est pas très évident. Notre étude a pour but d'examiner le rôle des auto-déclarations négatives et positives sur le niveau d'anxiété et de dépression des étudiants. Notre échantillon se compose de 102 étudiants âgés de 18 à 20 ans, déprimés, non déprimés, anxieux et non anxieux. Les résultats de l'étude nous ont permis de mettre en évidence deux types de pensées liés aux troubles psychologiques. Premièrement, les pensées automatiques négatives sont fortement activées chez les étudiants déprimés, alors qu'elles le sont beaucoup moins chez les étudiants non déprimés. Deuxièmement, à l'inverse ce sont les pensées automatiques positives qui sont plus activées chez les étudiants non déprimés par comparaison avec les étudiants déprimés. Dans notre étude, la pensée négative est positivement corrélée avec la dépression et l'anxiété (p < 0,01). Cependant, la pensée positive est négativement corrélée avec la dépression et l'anxiété (p < 0,01). Les résultats de la régression multiple linéaire montrent que les pensées négatives et positives ont contribué de manière significative (p < 0,001) à expliquer la variance dans la dépression....

Background: War contributes to sleep disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder by war experiences. Theses mental and psychological troubles are a common symptom in children and adolescents during Wartime. Aim: The objective of this study was the first to evaluate the effects of the method of Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts (TRPPT) and Cognitive and Positive psychotherapy (CPPT) training during Wartime among children and adolescents in Syria. This study attempted to treat the evils of wars, which cause deep wounds and psychological scares because of their horrors. Method: The sample consisted of 41 Syrian children and adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years. Results: 41 Syrian children and adolescents (experimental group) who benefited from TRPPT have the decreasingon Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Sleep Disorders (SD) and remember of War Experiences (WE). The results showed a significant decrease in PTSD in throughout the Therapy (p<0.05) and a significant reduction in SD following the TRPPT protocol (p<0.001), and also less Negative War Experiences (p<0.01). Conclusions: States of mind and psychologic were improved after the TRPPT. Treatment by repeating phrases positive thoughts will be significant among children and adolescents refugees subjected to war or no. Cognitive and positive psychotherapy based on TRPPT have an impact positive on evils of wars, which cause Posttraumatic stress disorder, Sleep Disorders and Negatives War Experiences. There is a dose effect: the higher the level of activity of the CPPT and TRPPT, the lower the psychiatric disorder, and the better of the health.

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<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Depression is underdiagnosed and thus undertreated. This study aimed to validate the French version of the PHQ-2 (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) and BDF-FS-Fr (Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen-France) on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) living in France. <b><i>Method:</i></b> A cross-sectional study was conducted on 109 patients of the Centre universitaire de maladies rénales, Centre Hospi­talier Universitaire (CHU) de Caen (37 patients with CKD on pre-dialysis and grafting stage, 36 grafted patients, and 36 dialyzed patients). <b><i>Statistical Approach:</i></b> Test parameters and statistical aspects of assessing diagnostic and screening tests were used, including knowledge of and ability to calculate, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, diagnostic odds ratios, and the use of ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves. <b><i>Results:</i></b> PHQ-2 and BDI-FS-Fr statistical parameters for depression tested very positively and had a satisfactory AUC (area under the curve). The PHQ-2 had a satisfactory AUC &#x3e; 0.70, sensitivity &#x3e; 0.60, and specificity &#x3e; 0.80. The BDI-FS-Fr had a satisfactory area under the curve (0.859) with sensitivity (83%) and specificity (0.859); and internal consistency (α = 0.668). The PHQ-2 and BDI-FS-Fr showed good internal and external validity of structure, construct validity, criterion validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency, and factorial validity. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The French versions of the PHQ-2 and BDI-FS have highly favorable psychometric properties. These instruments are valid self-assessment tools for screening and evaluating depression, its intensity, and its evolution. The PHQ-2 and BDI-FS-Fr thus have very good psychometric properties and are useful tools for researchers and practitioners. Regarding clinical practice in the hospital, clinicians and nurses can use the PHQ-2 to screen quickly for depression during routine consultations, during hospitalization, and in dialysis centers. The 7 items of the BDI-FS-Fr enable us to assess the depressive state, thereby avoiding a false diagnosis of depression among CKD patients in a clinical setting.

sur un échantillon d'étudiants. Méthode : Une étude transversale a été menée sur 473 étudiants de l'Université de Caen Normandie.Résultats : Le BDI-FS-Fr (Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen-France) obtient une bonne sensibilité, spécificité et une bonne valeur prédictive positive et négative, un coefficient de Yule très fort et une aire sous la courbe satisfaisante. Il a une très bonne validité de structure interne : une analyse factorielle exploratoire a dégagé un facteur expliquant 40,21% de la variance totale du BDI-FS-Fr, et il présente une consistance interne satisfaisante (0,74). Le BDI-FS-Fr a une très bonne validité de structure externe (validité de construit : validité convergente et divergente ; p<0,001) et discriminante (p<0,001), et validité concomitante (p<0.001)). Le coefficient de fidélité pair-impair est à 0.73 (p<0,001). La fidélité test-retest est de 0,82 (p<0,001).Conclusion : La version française du BDI-FS possède des propriétés psychométriques très favorables. Elle est valide pour auto-évaluer la dépression, son intensité et son évolution, et elle est un bon complément au BDI pour les étudiants. Le BDI-FS-Fr présente ainsi de très bonnes qualités psychométriques et constitue un outil utile pour les chercheurs et les praticiens.

Introduction: Mental and psychological troubles are a common symptom in war. The prevalence of psywar and phywar difficulties among refugees and people subjected to war is highest in psychotraumatology. International guidelines recommend to treat these difficulties.

Introduction: Psychological troubles (PSYT) are common co-morbidities symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS). Negative verbal thinking style plays a causal role in maintaining intrusions, perhaps serving to trigger subsequent depressive and anxious symptoms and psychological distress. Positive verbal thinking style plays protective role against these symptoms. Objective: The objective of this study was the first to evaluate the short-term effects of the TRPPT method (Treatment by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts). Method: The total of (27) participants, 20 students from the University of Damascus and 7 MS patients from Damascus Hospital and Ibn Alnafees Hospital. Results: Experimental group who has benefited from RPPT have had less depression, less anxiety and less stress and there were significant differences between experimental and control groups. According to value of effect size (Cohen's d), NAT (1.595; 1.822), depression (1.446; 2.615), anxiety (1.492; 2.286), stress (1.395; 2.363) decrease after TRPPT; and PAT (1.643; 2.162) self-esteem (2.204; 1.676) and satisfaction in life (1.432; 1.781) improveamong MS patients and students after TRPPT, respectively. The results showed a significant reduction in psychological disturbances throughout the experimental group (p<0.05) and a significant reduction in stress following the RPPT protocol (p<0.01), less anxiety (p<0.001) and also less depression (p<0.05). The short-term effect RPPT (repeating phrases positive thoughts) is significant. A low score of psychological disorders have emerged as one independent variable predictive of a good response to treatment by RPPT method. Conclusion: The positive cognitions improve the treatment of depression, anxiety and stress in clinical sample (MS patients) and non-clinical one (students) and it also enhance their selfesteem and their quality of life. Unlike medicinal treatments, there is no consumption limit or adverse side effects. TRPPT is new psychotherapeutic approach against psychological disorders. Contrary to NAT, increased PAT predicted decreased psychopathy. So, the optimal state of mind based on TRPPT is characterized by the optimal balance between cognitive and affective structure, corresponding to an adaptive and flexible balance in healthy persons in neutral situations. This theoretically optimal state of mind is positively balanced, but at the same time includes sufficient negative cognition to remain realistically cautious.

Background: Positive education can be one of the tools that enable the women in different aspects of her life, which produces strong and healthy women, healthy family, and so healthy society. Mental and psychological troubles are common symptoms among women. The prevalence of mental and psychological troubles among women subjected to mental and psychological troubles is the highest in psycho-difficulties. The treatment of these mental and psychological troubles is recommended among women. Aim: The objective of this study was the first to evaluate the short-term effects of the method of Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts in the war and peace. Method: The Syrian sample consisted of 20 women from the University of Damascus, aged 19 to 27 years, and 4 women with Multiple Sclerosis from Damascus Hospital and Ibn Alnafees Hospital, aged 20 to 29 years. The French sample consisted of 33 women from the University of Caen Normandy, aged 18 to 23 years. Results: Experimental group who benefited from treatment have lower level of depression, anxiety and stress and there were significant differences between experimental (p<0.05) and control groups (p>0.05). For Syrian samples, according to value of effect size (Cohen's d>0.80) and standardized response mean>0.80, negative automatic thought, depression, anxiety, stress decrease after Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts; and positive automatic thought, self-esteem and satisfaction in life improve among multiple sclerosis women patients and students after Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts. For French sample, according to value of effect size (Cohen's d which vary between 0.11-0.41) and standardized response mean which vary between 0.33-0.82, depression, anxiety, stress decrease after Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts. The results showed a significant improvement in psychological disturbances throughout the experimental group and a significant reduction in stress following the Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts protocol, less anxiety and also less depression. The short-term effect Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts is significant. Treatment and remission of mental and psychological troubles are implemented by Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts. The Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts improves the mental health of women. Conclusion:The RPPT treat of depression, anxiety and stress among women subjected to MPSYT and war and improve their psychological well-being and quality of life. The Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts are proposed here as a fast treatment against mental and psychological troubles. The results show improved stress control capabilities, improved mood and anxiety. Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts has proved beneficial for women subjected to war and mental and psychological troubles. More subjects repeat phrases with a very positive sense, more depression, anxiety and stress decrease. Unlike medicinal treatments, the...