This study was performed on the derived extracts [chloroform (FT-C), ethyl acetate (FT-E) and n-butanol (FT-B)] of the 70% ethanol extract prepared from Frankenia thymifolia, an endemic species to North Africa. The extracts showed high total phenolic and flavonoid contents with a wealth more marked for FT-E. These results agreed with their antioxidant effects. Indeed, all the extracts were able to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl radical, with a better power of FT-E. These results were supported by the inhibition of β-carotene oxidation assay. The extracts showed moderate activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii and Leishmania amazonensis with a better activity of FT-E against A. castellanii. Moreover, FT-B exhibited an interesting antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria. The fractionation of the most active extracts led to the isolation and structural determination of six compounds. The activities of these extracts may be associated with the presence of quercetin and its derivatives found in their chemical composition.
The analysis of the n-butanol extract of Linaria tingitana (BELT) by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS allowed the identification of four iridoids structurally confirmed by NMR and ESI-MS/MS extensive experiments data. The subjection of BELT to the anti-inflammatory activity showed that it exhibited a concentration dependent stabilisation of HRBC membrane, inhibition of protein denaturation and nitric oxide scavenging effect in the in vitro process. These results were confirmed in the in vivo experiments which showed that BELT was found to be most pronounced at 200 mg/kg after carrageenan injection which significantly reduced the swelling in both early and late phases of carrageenan-evoked oedema, as well as a significant reduce at the accumulation of infiltrating cells, inhibition of the myeloperoxidase activity and suppressed the lipid peroxidation. These results were supported by the histological analysis which revealed the reduction of oedema and cells infiltration, this might be influenced by the synergistic action of the above isolated compounds.
Aerial parts of Linaria reflexa, used in North African folk medicine for treating certain skin diseases, were investigated by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS technique able to identify the glycosyl flavonoids pectolinarin (1), isolinariin A (2), isolinariin B (3), linariin (4), isolinariin D (5) and isolinariin E (6) as the most abundant components in both hydroalcoholic (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extracts profiles. Metabolite 5, isolated and fully characterised by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, has been very recently reported from L. japonica together with the compound 6. Good antioxidant activities (DPPH radical scavenging, β-carotene bleaching and reducing power assays) were observed for the extracts. The remarkable antidiabetic activity displayed by UAE (300 mg/kg) has yielded the most marked decrease in blood glucose levels of the alloxan diabetic rats (-72.09%), greater than the effects by the drug glybenclamide (-63.29%). This study reports the first correlation of antidiabetic activity of Linaria sp. extracts with their chemical composition.
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