For the development of renal diseases, oxidative stress (OS) is reasoned to be one of the risk factors. For the treatment or prevention of the renal disease, the use of antioxidants could be a hopeful therapeutic mediation as they retard or block the oxidative reaction along with the inflammatory process. Luteolin (Lut) is a plant flavonoid, a pharmacologically active component normally found in glycosylated forms in basic perilla leaf, green pepper, celery, seed, honeysuckle bloom, and chamomile blossom; it exhibits antioxidant activity. In this investigation, we explored the nephroprotective activity of Lut on bisphenol A (BPA)‐induced nephron toxicity in rats. Orally administering Lut (100 and 200 mg/kg) diminished BPA‐induced anomalies in the kidney, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and serum uric acid levels. Lut therapy reduced the BPA‐influenced generation of inflammatory mediators, inclusive of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1 beta. This was coupled with significant improvement in kidney histopathologic features. Lut enhanced the nuclear factor‐like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) expression, which showed protection against OS induced by BPA. The current outcomes of the study showed that Lut has a strong reactive oxygen species scavenging property and potentially decreases the lipid peroxidation as well as inhibits DNA damage in renal toxicity induced by BPA. In conclusion, the potential antioxidant effect of Lut may be because of its modulatory effect on the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE)/HO‐1 pathway, which means it protects the kidney from BPA‐induced oxidative injury. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 2019

In kidneys, elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress were observed in nephrotoxicity triggered by cisplatin. Embelin has the anti-inflammatory property. It also got anti-tumorigenic and antioxidant properties. In this research, we analyzed the actions of embelin on nephrotoxicity triggered by cisplatin and vital actions by which it increases antioxidant actions and corrects the inflammation after embelin administration during nephrotoxicity triggered by cisplatin. Kidney function markers including blood urea nitrogen; serum creatinine; the markers of oxidative stress like malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant systems like glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and glutathione reductase; inflammation markers like nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β); and the extent of nuclear factor-erythroid-2 p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were determined. Histopathology studies of kidneys were also used to analyze nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Treatment with embelin (25 and 50 mg/kg) upgrades the function of kidneys, by elevating antioxidant levels and reducing the MDA level in cisplatin-administered rats. Embelin treatment demonstrated a significant curtailment of oxidative stress as well as increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, endogenously. Cisplatin upregulates cytokines (i.e., TNF-α and IL-1β) and NF-κB, and downregulates Nrf2 and HO-1. Embelin treatment also reduced the infiltration of neutrophils in the renal tubules and thus reduced the level of histological impairment. The outcome of this study implements that the signaling pathway of Nrf2/HO-1 may be the principal mechanism of embelin for protection from nephrotoxicity triggered by cisplatin, and thus, embelin diminishes oxidative stress and inflammation by impeding NF-κB.

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Terpenoids are naturally occurring aromatic or volatile hydrocarbons with isoprene units generally present in the form of essential oil in plants, fungi, and many living organisms. Terpenes demonstrate interesting biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. The present original research emphasises on the identification of bioactive terpenoids from bark extracts of Croton scabious bedd. An endemic plant of Euphorbiaceae family by phytochemical tests and GC-MS analytical methods and some of the important identified terpenoids were docked using Schrodinger Glide software 2019_1 with Human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 complexed with CDK4 inhibitor (PDB ID:1GII) and Human Estrogen receptor α ligand-binding domain in complex with 4-Hydroxy Tamoxifen (PDB ID:3ERT) as breast cancer inhibitors. Crystal structure of the EGFR kinase domain in complex with Gefitinib (PDB ID:2ITY) and Crystal structure of VEGFR2 (juxtamembrane and kinase domains) in complex with sunitinib (PDB ID: 4AGD) was selected to assess lung cancer-inhibiting the potential of these molecules. Fenretinide had revealed significant inhibitory activity on CDK, aromatase, and epidermal growth factor receptors to substantiate anticancer activity against breast & Lung cancers among the identified terpenoids.