For Child-Pugh class A and B cirrhotics, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is comparable to the open approach regarding operative time, morbidity, mortality, and effect on liver function, but with shorter hospital stay. Considering the other well-documented advantages of the laparoscopic approach, namely, less pain, earlier mobilization and feeding, and better cosmoses, laparoscopic cholecystectomy would be the first choice in cirrhotic patients.
In the present study, a set of three strong motions accompanied by 21 before and after mainshock motions from liquefied soil at the Kushiro Port vertical array site have been obtained. S-wave velocity variation is estimated using a new proposed nonlinear GA inversion technique. This inversion technique is reproductive in assessment for S-wave velocities due to its direct link with the simulation FEM program and matching technique between the observed and simulated waveforms. Layers (6 ∼ 23 m depth) have been found to be responsible for liquefaction at the Kushiro Port site. Stiffness degradation due to liquefaction could be predicted by applying the inversion technique on the horizontal components of the mainshocks at different time-windows and then multiplying the weighting functions by the nonlinear simulated ground motions. These weighting functions were applied to delete the misfit time window of the nonlinear simulated ground motions when these were compared to the observed records. Finally, stacking was applied for the weighted nonlinear simulated ground motions. A strong degree of liquefaction is concluded during the Kushiro-Oki (1993) and the Hokkaido Toho-Oki (1994) earthquakes, whereas a low degree of liquefaction was detected to have occurred during the Tokachi-Oki (2003) earthquake due to high increase of rigidity following a trend that resembles a consolidation curve.
Observed active fault zone related site amplification is calculated based on Fourier acceleration spectrum (FAS) at three different localities in Japan. The FASs are calculated using 26432 earthquakes recorded at 126 K-NET and KiK-net seismic stations, which are distributed on the fault zones, upthrown and downthrown sides. This observed amplification is strongly frequency-dependent because of the presence of the near-surface low-velocity flower fault structure and the deeper fault zone. Moreover, the amplification patterns at each study area are tectonic-specific patterns. Sources inside the active fault zones could produce amplification at high frequencies at stations on both fault zone and far away from the fault zone, because of the impact of the near-surface fault zone. Sources outside the active fault zones yield remarkable high amplification at low frequencies exhibiting a gradual increase through stations on hanging walls, fault zones, and footwalls. Interestingly, the peaks of the low-frequency amplification are corresponding to wavelengths that approximately equalize the width of the fault zone. The presence of fault zone low-velocity layers could be successfully detected by the diffuse field theory inversion.
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