A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis has become a key tool used by businesses for strategic planning. Scholars have conducted SWOT research for over six decades. However, a collective understanding of SWOT analysis remains vague. This study accessed, analyzed, and synthesized the SWOT literature, allowing for new theoretical perspectives and frameworks to emerge. Using an integrative literature review, this study reviewed SWOT studies historically, providing a greater understanding of the SWOT analysis in different sectors and the different approaches used in SWOT studies. Furthermore, it fills the knowledge gap in the strategic planning context and indicates meaningful implications for managers that could help improve their strategic decisions.

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ABSTRACT:Land cover and spatial variation of seasonal temperature may contribute to different evapotranspiration rates between the European regions. In order to assess the integral effect of land cover and climate on water resources, we implemented a procedure which allows defining favorability areas to high rate of evapotranspiration. Seasonal mean air temperature for the present (2011-2040) and future (2041-2070) combined with the seasonal crop coefficients of current future projections of land cover for the 2040s have been used to evaluate the various degrees of evapotranspiration at European scale. Extremely high and very high degree of evapotranspiration tendency were verified for Southern, Eastern, Western and Central of Europe during the mid-season period. The low and very low evapotranspiration favorability were found in the Scandinavian Peninsula and in the Alps, Dinarics, and Carpathian during the present period in all the seasons. In the cold season, the land cover favorability to evapotranspiration (LCFE) is low and very low in almost the whole Europe. These findings indicate that the southern and western regions of Europe are facing low water availability, decrease in surface water flow, and possible long periods of drought in the summers.

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Many researchers have studied evaporation reduction of open water bodies using inexpensive locally available materials. However, such studies lacked information on the effects of the covers on water quality. This study focused on the assessment of the capability of floating and structural covers to reduce evaporation from open water bodies in a humid climate. Mengkuang mat and pieces of plywood were evaluated for the floating materials and the structural cover was galvanised iron corrugated sheets. The average evaporation reductions for a 1-year test period were 40%, 33% and 26% for the mengkuang mat, pieces of plywood and galvanised iron corrugated sheets respectively. Water quality analyses performed on the treatments showed that the covers have no serious effect on water quality. The results confirm the effectiveness of these covers for evaporation reduction with no harmful effects on water quality.

Evapotranspiration calculation is an important matter due to agricultural reasons, but also for understanding water resources and runoff amount in a certain territory. Two CMIP5 multimodal projections (2011–2040 and 2041–2070) and land‐cover pattern were used to analyse the seasonal and annual crop evapotranspiration trend in Turkey. The spatial distribution of crop evapotranspiration related to the initial season, mid‐season, end season and cold season were computed through a geographical information system. The maximum crop evapotranspirations were found in the mid‐season for present and future, with 1,072 and 1,241 mm respectively. For the future period, an increase in the spatial distribution of crop evapotranspiration was depicted in several places due to climate warming, mainly in the southern and southeastern areas of Turkey and on the Mediterranean coast. The minimum seasonal crop evapotranspirations fell to below 154 and 164 mm in the present and future respectively. The annual crop evapotranspiration increased from 1,675 to 1,944 mm from present to future and the significant values of absolute changes were identified in the western, eastern and southeastern regions of Turkey. The findings are useful for scientists in the climate, hydrology and agriculture fields, but also for management decisions.

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This study was aimed to investigate the suitability of reusing of treated wastewater to irrigate wheat crop and its impact on soil properties. The study was conducted during the Agricultural season 2014-2015, at Sirte, Libya. The climate of this area characterized by dry and hot in summer, cool and rained in winter, as well as the annual rainfall in the range of 175 mm to 200 mm, so the area is considered as semi-arid area. The experiment was designed to use treated wastewater under different managements ((W1) 100% fresh water (from artificial stream), (W2) Mixed by 50% fresh water and treated wastewater, (W3) mixed by 33% fresh water and 67% treated wastewater and (W4) 100% treated wastewater). Two soil profiles were selected and described, namely Sandy (S1) and Sandy loam (S2) soils. Wheat crop was used as indicator. The chemical, physical and microbiological analyses were done for water and soil samples using standard methods. The analyses include soil texture, bulk density, moisture content, electrical conductivity, pH, anions, cations, and E coli form. Also, the wheat crop growth components were studied. The quality of used water was found within the permissible levels of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation (FAO) for irrigation water, while lead was found exceeding the sever permissible level. From the other hand treated wastewater showed significant difference at P≤0.05 in increasing the average values of wheat crop growth components, in compare with fresh water, which recorded the lowest values. The chemical properties of soils extractions showed non -significant difference at P≤0.05 under the different irrigation managements, while the chloride and lead showed significant increase in sand loamy soil and carbonate in sandy soil. On the other hand, the both soils showed the same performance in increasing wheat growth components. The treated wastewater (W4) supplied significant numbers of E coli form 100/ml to the both soils followed by (W3), while fresh water recorded less values. The study concluded that using of treated wastewater in irrigation of agricultural crops under monitoring system has economic feasibility .