Testing of evaporation reduction methods in humid climates

Benzaghta, Mostafa Ali; Mohammed, Thamer Ahmed; Ghazali, Abdul Halim; Soom, Mohd Amin Mohd

doi:10.1680/wama.11.00053

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Nevertheless, ANOVA at this stage did not provide supplemental clarification about which technology in the evaporation pans showed a noteworthy dissimilarity in hourly evaporation reduction. Hence, a statistical analysis comparison test with reduction factor (f) was used to identify which materials in the treated pans showed significant differences in the evaporation values [11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Sustainable Technology in Reducing Reservoir Evaporation

Min,

Gunasekaran,

Pudyastuti

2024

E3S Web of Conf.

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The high volume of water loss due to climate change raises the storage requirement of reservoirs. This study aims to develop a sustainable and economical physical evaporation reduction device for large reservoirs in tropical climates. Two materials (i.e., non-woven geotextiles and polypropylene sheet) were used as covers to limit the evaporation rates. Both materials with a 60% water surface coverage were respectively located in a Class A evaporation pan. A control pan without a cover was prepared to measure the evaporation of the surroundings. The evaporation rates of the three pans were measured daily for a total of 45 days. The results show that the covers adopted have successfully hindered the rise of water temperature, thereby limiting the evaporation rates. The observed average evaporation reduction percentage (relative to the evaporation rate of the control pan) was 40% for geotextile and 60% for polypropylene sheets.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Sustainable Technology in Reducing Reservoir Evaporation

Min,

Gunasekaran,

Pudyastuti

2024

E3S Web of Conf.

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“…Therefore, Evaporation reduction methods could be of great help to preserve water where evaporation plays an essential role in water resources management ( Physical barriers and chemical lms have been frequently recommended in evaporation mitigation studies. Physical structures such as shading (Alvarez et al, 2006), and oating covers in different shapes like Aqua-Cap (Yao et al, 2010), plywood oats (Benzaghta et al, 2013), hollow PET bottles (Simon K. et al, 2016), modular covers (Hassan et al, 2015) and oating plates and oating balls (Li et al, 2021) could be used on water body surface to diminish energy and mass exchanges between the water surface and the surrounding air. These technologies are suitable for use in water reservoirs which are less than 10 ha while chemical covers are recommended as an economical technique for large water bodies (Craig et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lake Evaporation Mitigation Using Self-Assembled Films: Case Study Of Chitgar Lake

Nejatian

Mohammadi

Doulabi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Evaporation is a significant outflow in water bodies and is the only outflow in man-made Chitgar Lake. It is estimated to be more than 2 million cubic meters annually. In order to mitigate this outflow, we investigated different kinds of self-assembled thickness films. They consist of six different combinations of stearyl and cetyl alcohols with additives including jojoba oil, stearic acid, and calcium hydroxide. The study has been done from July to August with two pairs of class A evaporation pans; one pair semi-floated on Chitgar lake water and another one located on the shore. The experimental results showed that a monolayer contained 3:1 stearyl to cetyl alcohols with 60% weight of calcium hydroxide had the best performance and could reduce evaporation up to 50% during its 3 days’ lifetime. The study indicated that the films had no significant side effects on lake water pH, turbidity, and total suspended solids except slight increase in water surface temperature.

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“…However, the complex geometry means that for many practical sections, the governing equations for critical and normal depths are implicit and no analytical solutions exist. The paper describes the use of gradual optimisation fitting to derive explicit equations for standard city-gate sections.The final paper by Benzaghta et al (2013) compares the performance of several types of cover in reducing evaporation from water bodies in a humid climate. The tests were carried out in Malaysia using four PVC tanks and a class A evaporation tank.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The final paper by Benzaghta et al (2013) compares the performance of several types of cover in reducing evaporation from water bodies in a humid climate. The tests were carried out in Malaysia using four PVC tanks and a class A evaporation tank.…”

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confidence: 99%

Editorial

Spencer¹

2013

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Manag

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Although the papers in this issue have no core theme, they cover some interesting applications over a range of topics.Manning's empirical equation has been used for over 100 years to describe the mean velocity in open channels. The form of the equation raises questions such as 'why does the velocity depend on the hydraulic radius?' and 'why is the power two-thirds?' The first paper, by Horritt and Wright (2013), describes the use of a mixing length model for estimating channel conveyance and shows that this simple, physically based model explains the functional form of Manning's equation and the Colebrook-White formula. The model applies Prandtl's mixing length hypothesis, with the mixing length at each point in a river cross-section being proportional to the distance to the nearest solid boundary. The model is applied to three different geometries (planar beds and circular conduits, rectangular channels, and arbitrary cross-sections) and different numerical solution methods (one-dimensional Runge-Kutta and the Jacobi method) are used for each geometry. The results show that the mixing length model reproduces some of the well-known hydraulic behaviours of open channel flows, and how essentially empirical results such as Colebrook-White and Manning's arise from open channel hydraulic processes. It also reproduces the dependence of mean velocity on channel geometry, and produces further information such as velocity profiles and bed shear. The authors suggest that the method may have further usefulness in such aspects as modelling complex geometries, interactions between regions of flow, turbulence modelling, head loss through structures, and scour and sediment transport.Marine outfall discharges of wastewater effluents typically contain contaminants even after treatment. The paper by Liu and Li (2013) addresses the question 'To what extent is the receiving environment being exposed to effluents?' by describing a particle-tracking model of outfall flumes in a tidal channel. In the model, effluents are represented by a large number of particles, whose trajectories are tracked under various conditions of flow and density stratification. The technique is particularly useful for examining the undesirable scenario of effluents rising to the surface or coming into contact with the seabed. The method takes into account advection, non-Fickian horizontal diffusion and vertical diffusion. The paper describes an application of the technique to an outfall discharge in British Columbia, Canada, where it successfully captured the detailed structures of outfall plumes. Based on the technique, the paper details a number of important conclusions for modelling these conditions. The paper by Pagliara and Carnacina (2013) addresses the effect debris collected on bridge piers has on the scour pattern. This can be a significant contributor to bridge failure. Previous work has shown that scour hole dimensions generally increase with debris accumulation and roughness. The paper describes a series of experimental runs in a hydraulic labora...

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Testing of evaporation reduction methods in humid climates

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Development of a Sustainable Technology in Reducing Reservoir Evaporation

Development of a Sustainable Technology in Reducing Reservoir Evaporation

Lake Evaporation Mitigation Using Self-Assembled Films: Case Study Of Chitgar Lake

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