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Flow fields within spatially periodic arrays of cylinders arranged in square and hexagonal lattices are calculated, with microscale Reynolds number ranging between zero and 200, employing a finite element numerical scheme. The terminology of an ‘‘apparent permeability’’ is introduced to establish a relationship existing between mean velocity and macroscopic pressure gradient characterized by a finite Reynolds number flow. In contrast with the low Reynolds number ‘‘true ’’ permeability, the apparent permeability is shown here to generally depend upon the direction of the applied pressure gradient, owing to nonlinearities existing within the local fluid motion. The orientation-dependent permeabilities of both square and hexagonal monodisperse arrays are observed to diminish with increasing Reynolds number. Similar behavior is also observed for a bidisperse square array, though the apparent permeability of the latter is shown less sensitive to Darcy velocity orientation at large Reynolds numbers in comparison to the corresponding monodisperse square array, for all cylinder concentrations examined.

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Taylor dispersion of a passive solute within a fluid flowing through a porous medium is characterized by an effective or Darcy scale, transversely isotropic dispersitivity D*, which depends upon the geometrical microstructure, mean fluid velocity, and physicochemical properties of the system. The longitudinal, D~'t and lateral, D* dispersivity components for two-dimensional, spatially periodic arrays of circular cylinders are here calculated by finite element techniques. The effects of bed voidage, packing arrangement, and microscale Prclet and Reynolds numbers upon these dispersivities are systematically investigated.The longitudinal dispersivity component is found to increase with the microscale Prclet number at a rate less than Pe 2. This accords with previous calculations by Eidsath et al. (1983), although the latter calculations were found to yield significantly lower longitudinal dispersivities than those obtained with the present numerical scheme. With increasing Prclet number, a Pe 2 dependence is, however, approached asymptotically, particularly for square cylindrical arrays -owing to the creation of a linear streamline zone between cylinders.Increasing tortuosity of the intercellular flow pattern reduces the longitudinal dispersivity component and enhances the lateral component. Longitudinal dispersivities for square and hexagonal arrays are found to be quite similar at high porosities; yet they diverge dramatically from one another with decreasing porosity. The longitudinal dispersivity is found to increase markedly with increasing Reynolds number. Comparison of this longitudinal dispersivity with available experimental results shows that/)~'1 experimentally measured for three-dimensional arrays of spheres may be correlated by the present two-dimensional model by an appropriate choice of the array's packing arrangement. In general, the calculated dispersivities were found to be sensitive to the bed packing arrangement and apparently no rationale exists for choosing any one particular geometric microstructure over another for a comparison with existing experimental data. It is thus concluded that existing experimental data pertaining to three-dimensional beds of spherical particles cannot rationally provide a basis for verification of two-dimensional, circular cylindrical dispersion models.The finite-element scheme employed in this work was tested in the purely diffusive, nonflow limit by calculating the composite diffusivities of square cylindrical arrays for different volume fractions and various dispersed solid-continuous phase diffusivity ratios, subsequently comparing these with existing analytical results. An additional test was provided by comparing calculated with analytical axial dispersivities for transport of a dissolved solute in a Poiseuille flow between two parallel plates. O. Notationa B(r), B(r) D Dd, Dc f(r) h il, i2 Ii, 12 !1,12 hi, n2 Pe = 2a V/D 2a12 e Pep-D 1-e lr R Rn Re = 2ap V/# Sp t v -v(r)

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Since the first description by Elliot et al. [1970, Am J Dis Child 119:72-73] of a probable partial deletion of chromosome 10p, 17 other cases have been reported. The phenotypic expression is variable, but the craniofacial malformations constitute a more consistent finding. The 10p deletion syndrome has been associated with the DiGeorge anomaly in several patients. We report on an additional case of 10p deletion syndrome and review the literature.

Drs Shapira and Borochowitz have disclosed no financial relationships relevant to this article. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/ investigative use of a commercial product/ device. Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Know the causes of asymmetric crying facies (ACF). 2. Differentiate ACF from true facial paralysis. 3. Recognize the malformations that might be associated with ACF. 4. Evaluate an infant who has ACF. AbstractAsymmetric crying facies (ACF) refers to a neonate or infant whose face appears symmetric at rest and asymmetric during crying as the mouth is pulled downward on one side while not moving on the other side. It is a minor anomaly found in 1 per 160 live births and is caused by hypoplasia or agenesis of the depressor anguli oris muscle (DAOM) or compression of one of the branches of the facial nerve. Associated major and minor malformations as well as deformations have been described. The risk of associated major anomalies with ACF is 3.5-fold higher compared with the general population. Such anomalies are most common in the cardiovascular system and cervicofacial region. Certain clinical signs may differentiate ACF from true facial paralysis. Physical findings, electromyography, and ultrasonography studies can help differentiate between the two causes of ACF. An approach to the diagnostic evaluation is suggested, both for initial evaluation and for decisions about subsequent treatment of ACF.