Summary
In this study, a fractional order fuzzy proportional‐integral‐derivative (FOFPID) controller is designed for load frequency control of four‐area interconnected power systems. The model of system consists of three reheat thermal turbine units (Area1, Area2, and Area3) and one hydro power plant (Area4). Therefore, the proposed controller (with same and different parameters) is employed for the first three zones, and different controller parameters are considered for Area4 due to existence of hydro turbine. In order to minimize frequency and power tie‐line deviations in the system, biogeography‐based optimization (BBO) algorithm is utilized to tune controller parameters. Finally, the proposed technique is compared with three different controllers including PID, fuzzy PID (FPID), and fractional order PID. For a fair comparison, the parameters of aforesaid controllers are also tuned by BBO algorithm. The results of different simulation cases indicate that the FOFPID controller has a superior performance and transient response compared with the other approaches against various load disturbances.
In this study, an interval type‐2 fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative (IT2FPID) controller is designed to be used in the air flow regulation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. The proposed controller is able to handle the effect of external disturbances and fix the oxygen excess ratio at an appropriate set‐point. Three crisp singletons for the output and two interval type‐2 membership functions for the inputs are defined for the suggested controller. Two conventional controllers including type‐1 fuzzy PID (T1FPID) and ordinary proportional–integral–derivative (PID) are also investigated to evaluate the performance and efficiency of this technique. The results of various simulations indicate that the IT2FPID controller has a better performance and transient response compared to the other approaches.
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