The purpose of this study is to search for differences in humor use between Arabs and Americans and to provide managerial insights regarding such differences. We use Hofstede’s cultural dimensions as a theoretical basis for hypothesizing differences in humor styles between Arabs and Americans. The results indicate that Americans scored significantly higher than Arabs on self-enhancing and self-defeating humor style. There was no significant difference regarding affiliative and aggressive humor. Both Arab and American men scored significantly higher in aggressive humor than did Arab and American women. Managerial implications are provided for both practitioners and researchers.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is threefold: to extend the animosity model developed by Klein et al. (1998) by adding cultural and religious animosity constructs, to provide a tool with which to measure the cultural and religious constructs and to provide explanations, and thus an understanding, of how cultural and religious differences impact consumer intention to purchase.
Design/methodology/approach
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to test the model.
Findings
The cultural and religion animosity scale is created.
Originality/value
This fills a gap in the literature where there is not currently a scale to measure cultural or religious animosity.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the entrepreneurial marketing (EM) paradigm by empirically investigating the relationship between intra-organizational environment, EM intensity (EMI) and organizational performance in an emerging market context. Specifically, the paper identifies the elements of the intra-organizational environment that enhances EMI and also examines the impact of EMI on organizational performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The data were collected from large-sized companies in Egypt. Data were analyzed by using path analysis on Smart-PLS.
Findings
The findings suggest that the characteristics of the intra-organizational environment that support developing and increasing EMI in large-sized companies in emerging markets are cooperative competency, deep locus of planning and institutional support. Also, it was found that the long planning horizon hinders EMI. Finally, it was found that EMI is positively related to organizational performance and competitive advantage.
Practical implications
The study provides guidelines for managers of large-sized organizations, especially in emerging economies, on how to develop the intra-organizational environment to enhance EMI.
Originality/value
The study of EMI received little or no attention in previous research. Also, there is a paucity of empirical research on the impact of the intra-organizational environment on EMI and also on the impact of EMI on the organizational performance of large-sized companies in emerging markets. Therefore, the results of this research are a step toward filling these gaps.
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