Purpose -This paper describes the variables researchers have found to be significantly associated with relationship marketing, those related to Guanxi, and the similarities and differences between them. Design/methodology/approach -The researchers reviewed 77 articles on the subjects of Guanxi and relationship marketing and identified seven constructs from the literature that apply to both Guanxi and Relationship Marketing. Findings -These six constructs were investigated (bonding, customer loyalty, empathy, reciprocity, and satisfaction, and trust). Four constructs were associated with Guanxi (bonding, empathy, reciprocity, and trust) and while two (satisfaction, and customer loyalty) and a category termed other were commonly used with relationship marketing. Practical implications -Guanxi concentrates on building the bond or relationship before the transaction in such a way that the company and customer become one cooperative unit. Relationship marketing deals with the transaction first and builds the relationship later. Relationship marketers could benefit from incorporating the principles of Guanxi in their strategies and tactics. Originality/value -Many western managers are not familiar with Guanxi. Managers, who have an understanding of the Guanxi, can become more effective at relationship marketing.

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Events are part of a booming industry that continues to grow both domestically and internationally. This increase in popularity has lead to larger and more diverse attendees, making crowd management and crowd control a necessary and integral part of the planning process for any event. This study explores the significance of crowd management and crowd control. It discusses the need for proper operating procedures and the impact of inadequate crowd managment and control. The study also provides and analysis of recent legal opinions depicting both adequate and inadequate crowd management techniques. Crowd managementCrowd control Reasonable care Liability Crowd security Communication Signage Operating procedures under a unified command (Alghamdi, 1993). With the growing significance of crowd management within the realm of tourism, and more specifically sporting events, event managers must develop procedures for efficient and effective crowd management and control. This study will explore the significance of crowd management and the need for proper operating procedures. In addition, the impact of inadequate crowd management and control will be examined through both domestic (United States) and international legal case analysis. Through these legal case analyses, event managers will be able to obtain a valuable understanding of the necessity for crowd control and the preventive measures they can utilize in preparing for an event. Specifically the objectives of this study are to:Events are part of a booming industry that continues to grow both domestically and internationally. As events grow in popularity, attendances also increase. Due to this rapid increase, crowd management and crowd control are now important issues in this industry.Crowd management and crowd control are two distinct but interrelated concepts. The former includes the facilitation, employment, and movement of crowds, while the latter comprises steps taken once a crowd (or sections of it) has begun to behave in a disorderly or dangerous manner. Crowd management procedures involve planning an event, training employees, forming scenarios, and collecting data. Crowd control techniques include creating situation models and decision-making processes needed for the successful direction of equipment and manpower

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